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The Dissanayake Government’s “Chartered Institute of Media Professionals”: A Blueprint for the Strangulation of Press Freedom

Statement by the  Socialist Lead of Sri Lanka and South Asia (SLLA)

AKD
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake meeting with a visiting IMF delegation at the Presidential Secretariat on April 2, 2026. Image courtesy of midpoint.lk.

On June 5, 2026, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)/National People’s Power (NPP) government of President Anura Kumara Dissanayake published a special gazette notification for a bill to establish the “Chartered Institute of Media Professionals of Sri Lanka (CIMP).” Tabled by the Ministry of Health and Mass Media, the bill is packaged in the soothing language of “introducing and maintaining professional standards” and “elevating quality.” This is a calculated fraud. A close examination of the bill’s provisions — its definitions, its institutional architecture, its disciplinary mechanisms — reveals an instrument of state censorship designed to discipline, silence, and ultimately eliminate independent journalism, above all the social media content creators and anti-government commentators whom the Dissanayake regime views as a mortal threat to its grip on power.

The working class and all defenders of democratic rights must reject this bill in its entirety. It is not a measure to improve journalism. It is a weapon for the suppression of democratic discourse, conceived in direct continuity with the long and bloody history of media repression in Sri Lanka, and fully consonant with the international offensive against press freedom being waged by capitalist governments across the globe.

The Architecture of State Control

The bill establishes a statutory body corporate — the Chartered Institute — whose design is transparently that of a state-controlled gatekeeper over who may legitimately practice journalism. Five features of the legislation expose its authoritarian character beyond any doubt.

First, the Institute introduces a system of state-created accreditation. Section 3(i) declares that one of the Institute’s objects is “to accredit the media professionals in media professionalism at the evaluation of their efficiency.” Section 4(o) empowers the Institute “to take necessary steps to introduce, develop, maintain and monitor professional standards.” Section 4(t) authorizes it “to maintain and publish a register of members.” Taken together, these provisions convert the fundamental democratic right of freedom of expression into a state-sanctioned privilege. The government positions itself as the ultimate arbiter of who may enroll, register, and be certified as a “qualified” media professional. Freedom of the press is an inherent right, not a license to be granted or revoked by the capitalist state. The very premise of the bill is an assault on this principle.

Second, the definition of “media professional” is deliberately vast and all-encompassing. Section 27 defines the term to include “writers, content developers, content editors, anchors, presenters, broadcasters, journalists, editors, publishers, media owners, media managers, media educators, media researchers, media technicians and camerapersons in the field of media.” The inclusion of “content developers” is particularly revealing. This wide net is cast with a specific purpose: to trap independent bloggers, social media commentators, and alternative left-wing media platforms under the disciplinary apparatus of the state. The Dissanayake administration is acutely threatened by unaligned online media. Mainstream corporate media networks in Sri Lanka are tightly controlled by oligarchs or the state itself. Working-class anger, exposures of government compliance with International Monetary Fund (IMF) austerity, and socialist political analysis find expression through alternative content creators and independent social media channels. By bringing “content developers” under the heel of a chartered state apparatus, the government is building a weapon to silence precisely these voices.

Third, the bill establishes a state-vetted Disciplinary Committee empowered to investigate “professional misconduct.” Section 12(1)(c) provides for the appointment of a Disciplinary Committee. Section 23(1) mandates that this committee “shall hold an inquiry whenever the Council refers any matter to the Disciplinary Committee in respect of a professional misconduct of a member.” Section 23(2) then defines “professional misconduct” as “an act or omission which shall be determined by rules of the Council made under section 26” — a definition so circular and elastic that it amounts to a blank cheque for the political punishment of journalists who refuse to toe the government’s line. Section 24 empowers the Council to “disenroll any member,” or in the alternative to “warn, reprimand or suspend him from membership for such period not exceeding one year.” The power to strip a media worker of professional credentials is the power to destroy a career — and to send a message of intimidation to every other journalist in the country.

Fourth, the bill creates an “Interim Council” appointed entirely by the state. Section 5(4)(a) provides that until the Governing Council is elected, the Minister shall appoint an Interim Council consisting of “the Secretary to the Ministry of the Minister” and “six other persons who have distinguished themselves with proven knowledge, eminence and at least twenty years’ experience in the field of media, nominated by the Secretary to the Ministry of the Minister.” This Interim Council is granted the power under Section 5(4)(b) to make rules “in respect of the number of members to be selected and the criteria to select such members to the Institute” and “to elect and appoint members and the office bearers to the Council.” The Interim Council thus controls who gets into the Institute in the first instance and who may sit on its permanent Governing Council. The entire institutional architecture — the membership criteria, the internal rules, the definition of what constitutes an offense — will be shaped entirely by political appointees of the capitalist state. The Institute will be, from its inception, an instrument of the government.

Fifth, the bill conspicuously lacks any explicit guarantee that membership in the Institute will never be a prerequisite to practice journalism. This omission is not accidental. It signals that the Institute is designed to become a mandatory gatekeeper. Unregistered or deregistered journalists could rapidly find themselves legally blocked from entering press conferences, obtaining state accreditation, accessing public events, or securing employment. The Institute is a mechanism for the de facto licensing of journalism — and therefore for the de facto banning of journalists the state finds inconvenient.

A Continuum of Repression

The CIMP Bill does not emerge from a vacuum. It is the latest in a long continuum of state attacks on press freedom in Sri Lanka, stretching back decades and across every bourgeois government.

The Press Council Act of No. 05 of 1973, introduced by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party-led coalition government — which included the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Stalinist Communist Party — established a government tribunal with the powers of a district court, empowered to fine and jail journalists. Its chairman and members were appointed by the president. Among its targets was Kamkaru Mawtha, the newspaper of the Revolutionary Communist League — the forerunner of the Socialist Equality Party. Last September, the cabinet spokesperson announced that the cabinet has approved to amend the Press Council Act to expand its regulatory scope to encompass modern digital, electronic, and online media platforms. The historical irony is sharp: the JVP, whose own cadres were slaughtered by the thousands after the abortive 1971 uprising, today deploys the same mechanisms of press control pioneered by the regime that repressed them, now directed against the working class and its political representatives.

The Rajapakse regime (2005–2015) escalated media repression to police-state levels. In 2009, it revived the Press Council Act. In 2012, it moved to gag websites, extending the Press Council’s reach to online media. In 2013, it unveiled a “Code of Media Ethics” whose vaguely phrased clauses — banning publications that “offend against the expectations of the public” or “contain information which could mislead the public” — gave the government unlimited scope to suppress criticism. During this period, 16 journalists and media workers were killed by pro-government death squads, and Sunday Leader editor Lasantha Wickrematunge was murdered in broad daylight.

The Online Safety Act brought by the Ranil Wickremasinghe government in January 2024, purporting to counter “fake news”, attacked social media activism decisively. It dealt a major blow to freedom of expression by granting a government-appointed commission sweeping powers to police and censor online speech. Under the guise of preventing online harms, the law criminalizes legitimate dissent, investigative journalism, and social media criticism, threatening activists and content creators with severe prison sentences.

The JVP/NPP government is deepening this authoritarian inheritance, not breaking from it. In November 2024, within weeks of taking office, it announced it would not abolish the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA), despite having pledged to do so during the election campaign. Instead, it introduced a new “Protection of the State from Terrorism Act” (PSAT) that broadens the definition of terrorism to encompass strikes, protests, and dissent. In November 2025, following Cyclone Ditwah, Dissanayake declared a state of emergency and issued regulations making it a criminal offense — punishable by up to ten years’ imprisonment — to communicate or publish any supposedly “false” statements that could allegedly cause “public alarm.” Deputy Minister Sunil Watagala explicitly instructed police to treat social media critics “not merely as suspects but as offenders.” These powers were deployed to enforce deeper austerity under the guise of “rebuilding.” The state of emergency has now been extended six times,[1] giving Dissanayake sweeping dictatorial powers.

On May 28, 2026 — just one week before the Chartered Institute gazette — President Dissanayake issued a special gazette declaring the Government Press and State Media as essential services, effectively outlawing industrial strike action in those sectors. The Chartered Institute Bill is the ideological twin of this hardline measure. Together they form a pincer: the state attacks media workers’ right to withhold their labour, while simultaneously constructing a disciplinary apparatus to control what those workers may write and who may write at all.

The International Offensive Against Press Freedom

The Dissanayake government’s bill forms part of a global offensive by capitalist states to bring the press — and especially online media — under state and corporate control.

In December 2010, the Hungarian parliament under Prime Minister Viktor OrbÃĄn passed a comprehensive media law subordinating all public and private media to the control of a state “media council” composed of OrbÃĄn’s partisans. The council was empowered to impose fines of up to â‚Ŧ730,000 for reporting deemed “politically unbalanced.” As the WSWS noted at the time [2], OrbÃĄn’s authoritarian course was not a “European oddity” but a preparation for “a new round of brutal social attacks” demanded by the international financial markets. The muzzling of the media and the bolstering of the state apparatus were undertaken in direct anticipation of the social conflicts that austerity would unleash.

Germany’s Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG), which came into force in 2018, created a legal framework for internet censorship under the pretext of combating “hate speech” and “fake news.” As the WSWS documented, [3] the law was “part of an international offensive to attack free speech online, aimed at suppressing left-wing and socialist views.”

In 2022, Britain’s Ofcom revoked the broadcast licenses of RT, couching the ban in the language of “impartiality” and “freedom.” In 2025, the European Union’s 17th sanctions package against Russia extended to banning pro-Russia and pro-Palestine media, representing what the WSWS called [4] “an open attack on the democratic right to freedom of the press.”

The pattern is unmistakable. Across the world, capitalist governments facing mounting social opposition are constructing legal and institutional mechanisms to police public discourse. The language is always the same: “professional standards,” “ethics,” “combating disinformation.” The purpose is always the same: to suppress working-class opposition and anti-capitalist analysis.

Austerity Requires Repression

The Chartered Institute Bill cannot be understood in isolation from the broader trajectory of the JVP/NPP government. Dissanayake came to power in September 2024 on a wave of popular discontent, posturing as an anti-establishment outsider. Within days of the new parliament convening, the government jettisoned its election pledge [5] to renegotiate the IMF bailout and committed itself to implementing the austerity program in full.

The record since then has been one of relentless attacks on the working class. The government has restructured and privatized state-owned enterprises, sharply increased fuel prices by approximately 40 percent since February 2026, raised electricity tariffs by 32 percent, hiked gas prices by 31 percent, and maintained strict spending limits even as a quarter of the population has fallen below the poverty line. In April 2026, an IMF delegation lavished praise [6] on Dissanayake, commending his “strict adherence to IMF dictates.” The president boasted that “Sri Lanka has met all targets set under the programme.”

The government now faces a deepening crisis [7]: a worsening balance of payments deficit, a sliding rupee, soaring oil import costs driven by the US-Israeli war on Iran, and simmering resistance from workers and the rural poor. It has responded with essential services orders, police violence against protesters, the arrest of student activists, the deployment of the military as strike-breakers, and the repeated extension of emergency rule. The Chartered Institute Bill is the latest escalation in this authoritarian trajectory — a preemptive strike against the dissemination of truth, against the journalism that exposes the real conditions of working people and provides the political analysis necessary for the working class to cohere into a unified revolutionary force.

The JVP: From Death Squads to “Professional Standards”

The JVP’s present role as the enforcer of media censorship must be understood in light of its political history. As the ICFI and WSWS have documented over decades [8], the JVP is not and has never been a socialist or workers’ party. It is a right-wing, nationalist, and communalist movement, steeped in Sinhala populism. In 1988–89, it carried out a campaign of assassinations in which hundreds of left-wing political opponents, trade unionists, and workers — including members of the Revolutionary Communist League — were killed. It was the most trenchant advocate of the racist war against the Tamil minority that culminated in the May 2009 massacre of 40,000 Tamils.

The JVP’s transformation into a party of bourgeois rule — implementing IMF austerity, deploying police-military repression, and now constructing a state apparatus for media censorship — is not a betrayal of its original principles. It is the logical culmination of its class character as a petty-bourgeois nationalist formation. The same party that once physically liquidated its left-wing opponents now seeks to silence them through the bureaucratic mechanisms of a “Chartered Institute.” The methods have been modernized; the objective — the suppression of working-class political independence — remains the same.

The Pseudo-Left and the Trade Unions: Enablers of Repression

The working class cannot look to the pseudo-left organizations or the trade union bureaucracy to defend democratic rights. The Frontline Socialist Party, which falsely postures as a left-wing opponent of the government, collaborates with the union apparatus, whitewashing its betrayals and channeling workers into dead-end negotiations and appeals to parliament. The trade unions affiliated with the JVP/NPP maintain a deathly silence and actively block all anti-government action by their members. Unions tied to opposition parliamentary parties — the Samagi Jana Balawegaya and the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna — call only limited actions aimed at defusing genuine working-class opposition.

None of these forces will mount a principled defense of press freedom, because all of them — government and opposition alike — support the IMF program that is immiserating the working class. All of them fear the independent political mobilization of workers and youth. All of them have an interest in controlling public discourse. The Chartered Institute of Media Professionals Bill is a bipartisan project in its essentials, just as the emergency regulations after Cyclone Ditwah were urged by opposition leader Sajith Premadasa before Dissanayake declared them.

Build the Independent Mobilization of the Working Class

The fight against the CIMP Bill is inseparable from the fight against IMF austerity, against imperialist war, and for the political independence of the working class. Freedom of the press is not a bourgeois luxury to be set aside until “economic demands” are won. It is a vital weapon in the class struggle. The working class needs unfettered access to information, analysis, and political debate — including and especially the revolutionary Marxist perspective advanced by the ICFI, the World Socialist Web Site and thesocialist.lk  â€” to arm itself for the battles ahead.

The SLLA calls on workers, youth, journalists, online content creators, and all defenders of democratic rights to:

  • Reject the Chartered Institute of Media Professionals Bill in its entirety! This is not a bill to be amended — it is a bill to be defeated!
  • No to state licensing of journalists! Freedom of the press is a right, not a privilege granted by the capitalist state!
  • Defend the right of social media content creators and online commentators to publish without state interference!
  • Abolish the Press Council Act, the Prevention of Terrorism Act, the proposed Protection of the State from Terrorism Bill, and all repressive legislation inherited from previous regimes!
  • No to the essential services ban on Government Press and State Media workers! Defend the right to strike!
  • For the building of independent action committees across all workplaces to fight IMF austerity and the assault on democratic rights!
  • For the unity of Sri Lankan workers with their brothers and sisters in South Asia and internationally against the common enemy — global capitalism and its state institutions!
  • For a workers’ government based on workers’ committees, not the capitalist parties and their trade union appendages!
  • For the socialist reorganization of society — the only foundation for genuine democracy and press freedom!

The Dissanayake government is constructing the architecture of a police state because it knows that the social crisis it is deepening through IMF austerity will generate mass opposition. The working class must answer by constructing its own independent organizations —  action committees in every workplace and neighborhood, democratically controlled and politically armed with a socialist-internationalist program. The fight against media censorship is a fight for the political independence of the working class. It is a fight that can only be won through the building of a revolutionary party and the mobilization of the international working class against the capitalist system in its entirety.

We, the Socialist Lead of Sri Lanka and South Asia, wage this fight in solidarity with the international programme of the International Committee of the Fourth International. We urge workers, youth, intellectuals and all defenders of democratic rights to join us in advancing this struggle and building the revolutionary leadership necessary for the fight for socialism.

[1] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/05/16/fkbi-m16.html 

[2] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/12/hung-d24.html 

[3] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2018/01/04/netz-j04.html 

[4] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2025/05/29/qopq-m29.html 

[5] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2024/11/23/kjdl-n23.html 

[6] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/08/abhi-a08.html 

[7] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/05/22/ingw-m22.html 

[8] https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2024/09/24/gpzw-s24.html 

The Dissanayake Government’s “Chartered Institute of Media Professionals”: A Blueprint for the Strangulation of Press Freedom Read More Âģ

Sangeethsan

The LTTE Ban is a Weapon against All of Us: The Arrest of Sangeethsan and the Real Logic of State Repression

By Sanjaya Jayasekera, Member, The Socialist Lead of Sri Lanka and South Asia (SLLA), the Revolutionary Left Faction of the Socialist Equality Party (SEP) of Sri Lanka. SEP is the Sri Lankan section of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI), which publishes the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS). 

Sangeethsan
Sangeethsan (Sangeethsan Facebook page)

On a day (June 2) that should have passed unremarkably in Kilinochchi, the Jaffna District Crime Detective Bureau, acting through Chavakacheri police, arrested a 24-year-old musician. His name is Ganesh Kumar Sankeethan (Sangeethsan) — known by his stage name “HipHop Sangee” (YouTube Channel name) — and his crime, according to the state, was uploading songs that the police allege indirectly glorify the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). He was remanded for two weeks under Section 3(h) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA), his lawyer K. Sayanthan verified.

Sangeethsan, a rapper, has earned widespread recognition within the local Tamil hip-hop community for compositions that combine social commentary with cultural storytelling. Many of his works are available through his social media accounts. Before we go any further, let us consider what one of those songs contains. It is not vague cultural expression or ambiguous artistic metaphor. It invokes āŽ…āŽŖā¯āŽŖāŽŠā¯ — Elder Brother — the term used in Eelam Tamil political culture to refer to Velupillai Prabhakaran. It speaks of the Tiger flag arriving in triumph. It honors the āŽŽāŽžāŽĩā¯€āŽ°āŽŠā¯ — the Great Heroes, the fallen LTTE cadres — by name and by the imagery of their sacrifice. It calls on them to return and build the nation. It invokes āŽ•āŽžāŽ°ā¯āŽ¤ā¯āŽ¤āŽŋāŽ•ā¯ˆ — November — the month of Maaveerar Naal, the annual mourning of the LTTE dead, as its emotional and symbolic landscape: flowers are brought to the fallen, their weeping families cry out to them, and the dead are called back to build the nation.

These are the lyrics of a young man from a war-ravaged district who grew up surrounded by grief, who found in music a way to articulate what his community has been undemocratically forbidden to say openly since May 2009.

We state these facts not to hand ammunition to those who want Sangeethsan kept in a cell. We state them because this article is committed to a principle that the Sri Lankan state and its chauvinist supporters on social media are equally committed to destroying: that honest politics must begin with the truth, not with convenient omissions. The question before us is not whether Sangeethsan’s lyrics express a political program we endorse. They do not — and we will explain why, plainly and without condescension, in the paragraphs that follow. The question before us is a different and more fundamental one: does any democratic society have the right to imprison a 24-year-old for the political content of his songs?

The answer is no. Unequivocally, no.

Freedom of political expression — including the freedom to express a politics that is wrong, mistaken, or even one that others find deeply objectionable — is a right that the working class defends with the greatest vigilance, with one principled and non-negotiable exception: fascist speech and fascist organization. We defend such expressions not because all political ideas are equally correct, but because the repressive legal machinery constructed to silence Tamil grief today is the same machinery that will be turned on striking workers, protesting students, and anyone else who challenges the authority of the capitalist state tomorrow. This is not a theoretical warning. It is the documented history of the PTA, other security laws and essential services laws in Sri Lanka, which have been used against Sinhala rural youth, students, Muslim youth, Tamil journalists, plantation workers, electricity workers and port workers with equal and indiscriminate brutality.

This article is not written primarily for those for whom what we discuss here is their daily experience. It is written for Sinhala youth, for middle-class families in Colombo and Kandy and Galle, for workers on plantations and in factories, who have been told their entire lives that the Tamil question was settled in May 2009, that “terrorism” was  defeated, and that any sympathy for Tamil political expression is a conspiracy against the nation. It is written for those who, upon seeing Sangeethsan’s lyrics circulated on social media, may have felt the trained reflex: Tiger flag, Prabhakaran, Tamil Eelam — this is exactly what the PTA is for.

It is written to ask: who taught you to feel that reflex? Who benefits from it? And what has it cost you — not as a Sinhala person, but as a worker, as a young person, as someone whose living standards are being destroyed by the same state that is filling its remand prisons with Tamil youth and artists?

A Ban Designed Not to Fight Terror, But to Manufacture It

The formal proscription of the LTTE has been maintained continuously since the government of Mahinda Rajapakse banned it by gazette in January 2009, just months before the military’s final offensive ended the civil war. A final gazette in 2011 consolidated and extended this proscription to cover “related activities.” Every government since — Sirisena’s, Wickremesinghe’s, Gotabaya’s, and now Dissanayake’s JVP/NPP government — has maintained this framework intact.

When the Socialist Equality Party (SEP) opposed the original 2009 ban, it explained with precision what the ban was actually for. The statement issued at the time noted that the ban “has no direct bearing on the LTTE — the government is already waging war against the Tamil separatist organisation.” It warned that the decree’s sweeping powers to proscribe organisations “connected with or representing” the LTTE could “immediately be used against the Tamil National Alliance, a parliamentary political party.” And it predicted, with complete accuracy, that “such broad definitions, however, could be applied to any organisations, including political parties, trade unions or student bodies, that are regarded as opponents of the government.”[1]

Seventeen years later, those warnings have been borne out in case after case. The PTA has been used to imprison Tamil detainees for years without trial, to torture a young Muslim poet named Ahnaf Jazeem for writing verse that condemned ISIS and imperialist war, and to harass Tamil journalists. The JVP/NPP government — elected on a promise to abolish the PTA — has already used the Act against Muslim youth who expressed opposition to the Gaza genocide. In August 2025, the Counter Terrorism and Investigation Division (TID) questioned a Tamil journalist who reported on mass graves in the North. The new Protection of the State from Terrorism Act (PSTA) being drafted to replace the PTA reproduces its essential features while expanding the scope of what can be defined as a “terrorist act” to include actions that “intimidate the public” or “compel the government to do or abstain from doing any act” — language that could criminalize strikes, protests, and any form of organized resistance.

The instrument changes. The purpose remains identical: to place in the hands of the capitalist state an infinitely elastic legal weapon that can be pointed at anyone, at any time.

The Criminalization of Memory is Not an Accident

To understand why a 24-year-old rapper from Kilinochchi sits in a remand prison for singing about Tamil Eelam, you have to understand what kind of region Kilinochchi is, and what kind of wound the state is insisting must never be named.

Kilinochchi was the administrative capital of LTTE-controlled territory. It was also the site of some of the most intense fighting and civilian displacement in the final years of the war. The surrounding region of the Vanni was the theater of the last stages of a conflict in which, according to United Nations estimates, tens of thousands of Tamil civilians were killed. The survivors of that catastrophe — the families who lost fathers, mothers, husbands and children, who spent months in detention camps, who rebuilt lives from rubble — now live in a society where any public expression of that experience can be treated as a criminal act.

Sangeethsan is not a terrorist. He is a young man who grew up in the aftermath of that catastrophe, processing it in the only way artists know how: through music. To understand what is really at stake — politically and morally — we must read what he actually sang, and then ask not whether we agree with every word, but whether any democratic society can justify locking a young person in a remand cell for singing them.

This is not incidental to the logic of the PTA. It is the logic of the PTA. The state knows perfectly well that a military revival of the LTTE is structurally impossible and virtually non-existent. There is no evidence of serious LTTE organizational infrastructure, no military command, no armed force in the field. The proscription is maintained not because the LTTE poses a threat, but because the legal apparatus of the proscription remains extraordinarily useful — for precisely this: to convert political grievance into criminality, to transform memory into evidence, and to force the Tamil population into a permanent condition of political silence under pain of imprisonment.

This is what the SEP observed in August 2022, when the Wickremesinghe government, in the very same extraordinary gazette in which it delisted some Tamil diaspora groups for diplomatic purposes, continued to maintain the proscription framework: “The continued proscription of Tamil and Muslim groups is part of ongoing efforts by one government after another to whip up Sinhala chauvinism and discrimination against the country’s oppressed minorities. Facing the mass opposition of workers and the poor, the crisis-ridden Wickremesinghe regime is determined to keep communal tensions alive and deepen the repressive measures.” [2]

The pattern is consistent across every government of the post-independence era. The names change — UNP, SLFP, PA, UPFA, SLPP, JVP/NPP. The policy does not. This is not an accident. This is the function that communalism has always served in Sri Lanka: as the SEP noted in its analysis of 60 years of post-independence history, “Six decades of independence have brought ordinary working people nothing but communal conflict, deepening social misery and increasingly anti-democratic methods of rule.” The beneficiaries of that dynamic have never been ordinary Sinhala working people. They have been the ruling class, which has used ethnic division to rule a fractured country and impose economic policies that serve capital at the expense of all working people, regardless of their ethnicity.[3]

Read the Lyrics — Then Ask the Right Question

Let us be honest about what Sangeethsan sang in the song that we referred to above. His lyrics are not ambiguous cultural nostalgia. They invoke āŽ…āŽŖā¯āŽŖāŽŠā¯ — Elder Brother — a term that in the context of Eelam Tamil political culture refers unambiguously to Velupillai Prabhakaran. They speak of a Tiger flag arriving in triumph. They use the term āŽŽāŽžāŽĩā¯€āŽ°āŽŠā¯ (Maaveeran) — Great Hero — the specific honorific reserved for fallen LTTE cadres. They invoke the month of āŽ•āŽžāŽ°ā¯āŽ¤ā¯āŽ¤āŽŋāŽ•ā¯ˆ (Karthikai/November), which is the month of Maaveerar Naal, the annual commemoration of the LTTE’s dead. They call upon the heroes to “come back” and “build the nation.” They speak of warriors whose “sulfur-scented bodies blended into the wind” — the gunpowder of the battlefield rendered as the smell of sacrifice. This is explicitly a song of mourning for, and celebration of, the LTTE’s slain fighters and their leader. The lyrics read, in part:

The Tiger flag of our Elder Brother is arriving, make way and clear the path!

Tamil Eelam dances in roaring triumph, his name echoes in every direction! 

O great heroes who died protecting the soil, time shall never forget you! 

Come back, come back, please come back again, to display your bravery and to build the nation! [most approximate English Translation]

These sentiments, as expressed, justify no arrest. We understand the content of it because any serious political analysis must begin with reality. But we unequivocally say that the  24-year-old youth from Kilinochchi should not be imprisoned for writing and singing this song.

Sangeethsan’s song is not fascist speech. The working class does not defend fascist speech — it demands the prosecution of fascist outfits and their financial backers. This distinction is not arbitrary. It is rooted in the nature of fascism itself: unlike any other political tendency, however wrong, fascism does not seek to win political argument — it seeks to annihilate the very conditions under which political argument is possible. Sangeethsan’s song is the very expression of a grief-stricken and oppressed people rendered in music. But this legal machinery, constructed to silence Tamil grief and working-class resistance, is never — without a single exception in the entire post-independence history of Sri Lanka — the machinery turned against the Sinhala chauvinist and communalist outfits that the ruling class courts, funds, and shelters precisely when the class struggle sharpens. The fascist JVP’s death squads of 1988–1990, the Bodu Bala Sena’s anti-Muslim pogroms, the Sihala Urumaya’s ethnic incitement — none of these drew the ferocity of the PTA. The state does not point its anti-terror machinery at the forces of communalism. It points it at the forces of class struggle. That asymmetry is not incidental. It is the entire point.

To genuinely serve Tamil youth — and to speak honestly to Sinhala workers who need to understand what is happening — we must ask the harder question that state repression is designed to prevent anyone from asking: What does it mean that a generation of Tamil youth in Kilinochchi and Jaffna and Mullaithivu genuinely love Prabhakaran and genuinely mourn the LTTE’s dead?

It means something real and painful. As already said, these young people grew up in the rubble of a bloody war. They grew up in a region under continuous military occupation, where soldiers still control Tamil lands, where surveillance is a fact of daily life, where their elders were disappeared, where mass graves continue to be discovered. They grew up in districts where, even before the 2022 economic collapse, poverty levels in Mullaithivu district reached 40 percent. In this reality, Prabhakaran is not a political program to them. He is a symbol of the idea that someone, once, stood up and fought back.

The grief is real. The anger is legitimate. The desire for dignity is not only human — it is politically necessary. And the passion that Tamil youth pour into songs like Sangeethsan’s is the raw material of a generation searching desperately for something to believe in.

The question that our revolutionary movement poses is therefore not: “How do we suppress this passion?” The question is: “Why is this passion flowing into Tamil nationalism instead of socialist politics?” And the answer to that question leads us directly back to the Colombo ruling class — and to the specific responsibility of the Sinhala working class and its potential for genuine solidarity with Tamil workers and the poor. The state that criminalizes Sangeethsan’s song is not only persecuting Tamil youth. It is actively working to ensure that their passion never finds its correct political destination.

Who is being Deceived, and Why

Here we must speak directly to the Sinhala readers of this article — especially to young people who, when Sangeethsan’s arrest was discussed on social media, may have felt that instinctive reaction: he shouldn’t have been singing about Tamil Eelam, that’s LTTE territory, what did he expect?

That reaction is not yours. It was installed in you.

For decades, the Sri Lankan ruling class and its corporate media have conducted a systematic program of militarization of the society and political conditioning. Sinhala children grew up with a version of national history in which the Tamil struggle for democratic rights was, from its very origins, portrayed as a foreign conspiracy and a terrorist project. The legitimate grievances that produced the Tamil national movement — the systematic language discrimination of 1956, the anti-Tamil pogroms of 1958, 1977, and 1983, the deliberate exclusion of Tamils from state employment and university admissions — were erased from public consciousness. In their place was substituted a permanent security narrative of fear mongering: we are under threat, we must be vigilant, any sympathy for Tamil identity is sympathy for terrorism. War has been rationalized as necessary, and the military has been glorified as “war heroes” (Rana Viru), ready to be deployed against any struggle of the working class united across ethnic divisions.

This communalist project was never a natural outgrowth of Sinhala culture or Buddhism. It was a deliberate political construction, launched by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in 1956 as an electoral strategy to outbid the conservative UNP, and then reproduced by every faction of the ruling class because it served a vital class function: it prevented the Sinhala and Tamil working class from recognizing their common interests and uniting against the system that exploited them both.

The result can be seen today on TikTok, Facebook, and X. The moment a Tamil artist, journalist, or ordinary citizen uses the vocabulary of their own history — “Tamil Eelam,” “homeland,” “genocide,” “accountability”, “war crimes”, “commemoration” — sections of Sinhala social media erupt in denunciation. These users do not consider themselves tools of the state. Many of them are themselves suffering from the same economic devastation — unemployment, inflation, the IMF’s austerity measures, collapsing public services — that Tamil workers in the North and East are suffering. They have been successfully redirected. The enemy they have been given is not the class that rules them, but the neighbor who speaks a different language and carries a different wound.

Here is the dialectic that the ruling class has maintained for seven decades, and which it is essential for Sinhala workers and youth to understand: Sinhala chauvinism produces Tamil nationalism, and Tamil nationalism, in turn, reinforces Sinhala chauvinism. Each tendency is the mirror image and the fuel of the other. When Colombo discriminated against Tamil language rights in 1956, it created the conditions for Tamil political mobilization. When that mobilization was met not with redress but with pogroms, it created the conditions for Tamil armed separatism. When Tamil separatism launched attacks on Sinhala civilians, it was used by the Sinhala ruling class to justify yet more state terror against Tamils — and to intimidate Sinhala workers who might otherwise have seen through the charade. And when the state now arrests a 24-year-old for singing about Prabhakaran or Tamil Eelam, it ensures that another generation of Tamil youth will conclude — understandably, though incorrectly — that there is no path forward except through Tamil nationalism.

The LTTE’s political program was the program of an aspiring Tamil bourgeoisie, not the Tamil working class. As the ICFI analysis of the LTTE’s defeat made clear, the LTTE was utterly incapable of making a political appeal to Sinhala workers precisely because its perspective was based on ethnic struggle rather than class struggle — and its denunciations of the entire Sinhala population for the crimes of the Colombo government ensured that the very working-class unity that could have changed everything was permanently foreclosed.[4] The LTTE’s violent attacks on ordinary Sinhalese civilians served the same reactionary purpose as the government’s Sinhala supremacism: to divide the working class along ethnic, religious and linguistic lines and thereby strengthen the hand of Sinhala chauvinist forces in Colombo. The LTTE’s military defeat in 2009 resolved nothing. It left the Tamil masses with their democratic rights still denied, their land still occupied, their poor still impoverished — and their youth still searching for a political direction. 

That is the political vacuum into which songs like Sangeethsan’s speak. They should not be criminalized and suppressed. They should be answered — with a socialist program that offers Tamil workers what Prabhakaran could never offer: genuine unity with the Sinhala and Muslim working class in a common fight against the capitalist state that oppresses all of them.

The State that Imprisons Sangeethsan will come for You Next

This is the point that must be grasped most clearly by Sinhala workers and youth who might be tempted to view Sangeethsan’s arrest as a Tamil problem, not their problem.

The PTA was enacted in 1979 to suppress Tamil militant organizations. But, it was never only about Tamils. It was used to bloodily suppress the JVP uprisings of 1988–1990 — killing tens of thousands of oppressed Sinhala rural youth. It has been used against Sinhala journalists, trade unionists, and political opponents. And under the JVP/NPP government that came to power promising to abolish it, the PTA has been invoked against Muslim and Tamil youth and it has used the Essential Public Services Act against electricity workers who protested and postal workers who struck.

The logic is identical in every case: the same state apparatus that defines Tamil cultural expression as “terrorism” will define your strike, your protest, your social media post criticizing the IMF as “terrorism” whenever it becomes convenient. The elastic definitions being written into the new PSTA — acts that “intimidate the public” or “compel the government to abstain from doing any act” — are not aimed at a nonexistent LTTE or any other such outfit. They are aimed at the working class. All of it. Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim.

The infrastructure of surveillance and military occupation maintained in the North and East since 2009, nominally to prevent an LTTE revival, serves a second function that should be legible to any honest observer: it is a standing model and template for the kind of state control that the ruling class intends to extend southward as the social and economic crisis deepens. A state that has kept an entire population under military surveillance for seventeen years after the end of a war, that imprisons a 24-year-old musician for his song lyrics, is a state that has long since abandoned any pretense of democratic governance.

The Way Forward: Unity of the Working Class against the Capitalist State

Sangeethsan must be released immediately and unconditionally. The charges against him must be dropped. The PTA should be abolished, and its successor legislation, the PSTA — which is the same weapon with a new label — should not pass. The military occupation of the North and East must end. All political prisoners held under these laws must be freed.

These are not Tamil demands. They are the demands of the entire working class, because the democratic rights of any section of the working class are the democratic rights of all of it.

The Socialist Equality Party, in which we, the SLLA, represent a revolutionary tendency, has maintained this position without deviation since its founding as the Revolutionary Communist League, through the entire 26 years of the civil war and its aftermath. We opposed the communal war when the JVP was supporting it. We defended Tamil democratic rights when the trade union bureaucracies were silent. We campaigned for the release of Tamil detainees held without trial under the PTA when no other political party would. And we have always done so on the basis of a clear class analysis: not because we gave political support to the LTTE’s separatism — which program represented the interests of a section of the Tamil bourgeoisie, not Tamil workers and farmers — but because the defense of democratic rights is inseparable from the unity of the working class, and because Tamil workers and farmers could defend their own interests only by uniting with Sinhala working people in a common struggle against capitalism.

To Tamil youth who love these songs, who light candles in November and weep for the Maaveerar: your grief is not misplaced, and your passion for dignity is a political resource, not a pathology. But Prabhakaran’s program failed — not because he was betrayed by the international community or outgunned by the army, but because a separate Tamil capitalist state could only ever reproduce the poverty and exploitation that Tamil workers already endure, in a new flag’s colors. The answer to discrimination and communal oppression is not to be found in a separate state, but in the unification of the oppressed in a common struggle for socialist revolution. The state that murders Tamil aspirations with the PTA is the same state that destroys Sinhala workers’ living standards with IMF austerity. Your enemy is not the Sinhala worker in a factory in Colombo. Your enemy is the class that rules them both. The revolutionary tradition that actually fought for your rights — that opposed the communal war when the JVP was cheering it on, that campaigned for Tamil political prisoners when no other party would, that demanded the withdrawal of the military from the North and East — is the Trotskyist tradition of the Socialist Equality Party. That is the tradition worthy of your passion and your fight.

The arrest of Sangeethsan is not an isolated incident. It is the latest manifestation of a strategy that has defined Sri Lankan capitalism since independence: divide the oppressed along ethnic lines, criminalize the memory of the oppressed, and use the machinery of anti-terrorism law to suppress any movement that threatens the rule of capital. Every government has played this game. The JVP/NPP, which rode to power on the wave of the 2022 Aragalaya uprising with promises of democratic reform, is playing it now.

The answer to this strategy is not Tamil separatism, which has proven a dead end that cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Nor is it Sinhala Buddhist chauvinism, which has served as the ideological cover for every act of state terror. [5] The answer is the political unity of Sinhala, Tamil, and Muslim workers, organized independently of all factions of the capitalist class and all its parties, fighting for the common program of socialist internationalism that addresses the interests of all working people against the IMF’s austerity, against militarism, against the entire apparatus of communalist state repression. This unity demands an unconditional and outright refusal to be trapped by the communal divisions that the ruling class has imposed on all of us.

Free Sangeethsan Now! Abolish the PTA—No Replacement! Build the united socialist movement of the working class!

[1] SEP opposes Sri Lankan government’s ban on LTTE, The Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka), 24 January 2009 <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/sril-j24.html

[2] Sri Lankan government continues proscription of Tamil and Muslim groups and individuals, Saman Gunadasa 17 August 2022 <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/08/17/wfcd-a17.html>

[3] Sri Lankan independence: 60 years of communalism, social decay and war, The Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka) 4 February 2008 <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/02/sril-f04.html

[4] Sri Lanka: the defeat of the LTTE and the dead-end of nationalism, Bill Van Auken, 21 May 2009 <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/05/pers-m21.html

[5] Tamil separatism, however mistaken its program, arose as a response to systematic national oppression. Sinhala Buddhist chauvinism is the ideology of the oppressor nation’s ruling class — it is supremacist in its very foundations, asserting the primacy of Sinhala Buddhist identity over all other communities as a justification for state discrimination, pogroms, and military terror. “Chauvinism” is the Marxist term of art for aggressive, supremacist nationalism deployed in the service of a ruling class — named after Nicolas Chauvin, the symbol of blind, belligerent national superiority. It carries the correct political charge that “nationalism” does not, in relation to Sinhala Buddhist class hegemony.

The LTTE Ban is a Weapon against All of Us: The Arrest of Sangeethsan and the Real Logic of State Repression Read More Âģ

Congo

āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸āļš, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ…⎀⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇ’āļē⎒

āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļĸāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļ§āˇ’āļē⎃⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 22 āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€œTrump weaponizes public health as Ebola epidemic expands” āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļĸāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļ§āˇ’āļē⎃⎊ Â āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒. 

āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļļāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ’āļļ⎔āļœāˇ’āļēāˇ āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸āļš, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļģāļĸāļē āļŠāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš ⎀⎛āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ†āļœāļ¸āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļœāļ¸āļą āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļļ⎀ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ”āļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĨāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą â€œāļ§āļē⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ 42” (Title 42) āļąāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ ⎀āļœāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇ’.

āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļēāļšāļ§āļ¸ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, ⎀⎛āļģ⎃āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒāˇŠ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš āļĸ⎛⎀-āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ (biocontainment) ⎃āļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ’ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ⎀ āļ­āļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ†āˇƒāˇāļ¯āļąāļē ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇāļē⎒ ⎃⎐āļš āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇāļēāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­āļ¯, āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš āļĸ⎛⎀-āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ’āļšāļš āˇ€āˇ™āļ­āļ¯ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.

āļ§āļē⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ 42 (Title 42) āļēāļąāˇ” ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļģāļ§āļš āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇāļēāļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļģāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļŊāļšāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļŊāļ¯āˇ“, ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāˇ…āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎆⎙āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļą 1944 āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ´āļąāļ­āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļēāļšāˇ’. 2020 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇ„āļšāˇāļģ ⎃⎊āļ§āˇ“⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊāļģ⎊ (Stephen Miller) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‹āļ´āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļēāļšāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ-19 āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ§āļē⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ 42 ⎀āļœāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ 400,000āļšāˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‘āļē āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļļāļē⎒āļŠāļąāˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ¯ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, 2023 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļąāˇ’āļŊ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 2.3āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē. 

Congo
āļģāļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇƒ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ(āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŠāˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇ”āļēāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎚ / REUTERS)

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ-19 ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ… āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļ¸, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļĨāļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓⎄⎔ āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļ§āˇ„. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļŸāļģāˇāˇ€āˇš (American Journal of Public Health) āļ´āˇ… ⎀⎖ 2022 āļ…āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāļēāļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļģ⎊āļēāˇšāˇ‚āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ†āˇƒāˇāļ¯āļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ­āˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇ’āļš āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ’ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļš-⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ’āļš-⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ (xenophobic) āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…⎀⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‘āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…⎄.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļēāļ¸ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļģāˇāļœ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎐⎅⎐āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē (CDC) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 18 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļą 21 āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­ āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē (DRC), āļ‹āļœāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇāˇ€ āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āˇƒāˇ”āļŠāˇāļąāļē āļēāļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļģ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ­āˇ„āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ§āļē⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ 42 (Title 42) ⎀āļœāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­, āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”⎂⎓āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļģ⎓āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇ’āļģ āļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ“āļģ⎊āļ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē. āļ’ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļŠāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļ­āˇ”āļą āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­ āļ‘āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ€āļģ āˇ„āˇ āļģāļ§āļš āļģ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇāļŠāˇŠ (Green card) ⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎓āļ¸ āļ­āˇ„āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‹āļ´āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ-19 āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ”āļģ⎒āļģ⎔ āļ­āļģ⎊āļšāļąāļē āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ, ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇāļēāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§, āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒ āļļāļŊāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļģāˇāļœ āˇ€āˇāˇ„āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē. āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļšāļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ›āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’⎄āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļĢāˇāļēāļš āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ­āˇ”⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļē ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊāļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļģ⎐āļšāˇ€āļģāļĢ āļ…⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āļ¸, āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇāļģāļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ­āˇ„āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔⎀, āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ­āļģ⎊āļšāļąāļēāļ¸ āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇš āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯ āļ…āļ¯āˇāˇ… āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ‰āļ­āˇ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļē. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļą āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļēāļš āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļē⎔āļģ⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļļāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ’āļļ⎔āļœāˇ’āļēāˇ (Bundibugyo) ⎀⎛āļģ⎃āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇāļē⎒ ⎃⎐āļš āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāˇ€ ⎃āļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ¸āˇ€āˇŠ āļģāļ§āļ§ āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇāļēāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļˇāˇāļœāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāļœ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎛āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļģāļē⎙āļšāˇ”⎀ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē ⎀⎙āļ­ āļģ⎐āļœāˇ™āļą āļœāˇ’āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ, ⎀⎛āļģ⎃āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļē āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļąāˇ’āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎔ āļšāļģ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€ ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ’āˇ€āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀⎒āļ°āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ’āļšāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠ āļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļ§āļē⎒āļ¸āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ (New York Times) āļ´āˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇš āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”⎂⎓āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ”⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļš āˇƒāˇāļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚ ⎀⎛āļģ⎃āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļœ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀āļą āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎔ āļšāļģ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļ¸āļē⎒; āļ‘āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĨāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎛āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀, āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļšāļģāļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” ⎀⎓ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļē: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļŊ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē⎀ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē, āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļŊ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļŸāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ… āļšāļģ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļģāļ§āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ™āļē ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇāļ¯āˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¯āļģ⎔āļĢ⎔āļ­āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļšāˇ’āļēāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļģāļ§āļš āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ›āļģ⎓āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ­āļšāˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē āļ¸āˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļąāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āˇ€āˇš.

āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ°āļąāˇ€āļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊, āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎚ (Global South) āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ´āļšāˇāļģ⎓ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļšāļ´āˇ ⎄āļģ⎒āļą āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ, āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇāļēāļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎛āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģāļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ€ āļ‘āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ´āˇ€āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒. āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ‘āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļģ⎚āļ›āˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļ¸ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļ­āļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„āļ­āˇ’āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ­āˇ’.

2014 āļļāļ§āˇ„⎒āļģ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āļģāˇāļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇ™āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎐⎃⎊āļšāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇ€āˇ’āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļŊāļē⎓āļē ⎀⎛āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’ āļąāˇ™āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎐⎃⎊āļšāˇ āļĸ⎛⎀-āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ’āļšāļšāļē (Nebraska Biocontainment Unit) āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀, āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇ€āˇ“āļą āļĸ⎛⎀-āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāˇāļœāˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļ¸āļē (logistical) āļœāˇāļ§āļŊ⎔⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē, “āļ§āļē⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ 42” (Title 42) ⎀āļœāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļļ⎒⎄⎒ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āļ¸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ ⎃āļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģ ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļē⎐āļē⎒ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ™āļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎓⎀ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ…⎀āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎔⎀āļ¯ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļļāˇāļ°āļš āļ‘āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļļ⎀ āļ¸āˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āļ…āļąāˇāļœāļ­āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎄āļŸāˇ€āļą  āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ´āļēāļē⎒.

2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 26 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§, āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē⎚ (DRC) āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ‚⎁āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāļĢ 17āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļģāˇāļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠ 121āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎐āļšāļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ¸āļģāļĢ 238āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ ⎃⎐āļšāļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļģāˇāļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠ 1,077āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‹āļœāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇāˇ€ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļģāˇāļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ­āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļ‰āļ§āˇ”āļģ⎒ (Ituri), āļ‹āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’⎀⎔ (North Kivu) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāˇ’⎀⎔ (South Kivu) āļēāļą āļ´āˇ…āˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ”āļą āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇāļšāļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļ†āˇƒāˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€ 1,200 āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļœāļ­ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āˇ€āˇš.

āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 17 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ§ āļˇāˇāļĸāļąāļē ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ (PHEIC) āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ‰āļ§āˇ”āļģ⎒ (Ituri) āļ´āˇ…āˇāļ­āˇš āļąāˇ’āļŊ ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ”āļĢ⎚ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļģāˇāļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ§āļšāˇŠ, ⎃⎐āļšāļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļģāˇāļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠ 246āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎐āļšāļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ¸āļģāļĢ 80āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āļ§ āˇ…āļŸāˇ ⎀⎖ āļ­āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļē⎒. āļ‘āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļŊ⎚āļ›āļą āˇāˇ“āļāˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļ¸ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’. āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļēāļ§āˇ’āļ­āļŊ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļ°āˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’ ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸āļš, āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎛āļģ⎃āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļē, USAID ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āˇ„āˇ’āļŸāļē⎚ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 23 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē (WHO) āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē (DRC) ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ…⎀āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔⎀ ‘āļ‰āˇ„⎅’ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ ‘āļ‰āļ­āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅’ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļąāˇāļ‚⎀⎓āļē. āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀, āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ„āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ§āˇ™āļŠāˇŠâ€āļģ⎜⎃⎊ (Tedros) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļœāļ­ (virtual) āļ…āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš āļ¯āˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎄āļ¸āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē: ““āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļšāļŠāˇ’āļąāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”, āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇœāˇ„āˇœāļ­ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āļ…āļ´āˇ€ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļļāˇ€āˇ āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.” āļ¸āˇ‘āļ­ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāˇ€āļŊāļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ 100,000 āļšāļ§ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļŊ⎔āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ‰āļ§āˇ”āļģ⎒ (Ituri) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‹āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’⎀⎔ (North Kivu) āļ´āˇ…āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ…āļąāˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē; āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļļāˇāˇ„āˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļļāļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāļē; āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎔āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ’āļļ⎔āļœāˇŠāļēāˇ (Bundibugyo) ⎀⎛āļģ⎃⎊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇšāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļ­ āļ‘āļąāˇŠāļąāļ­āˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāˇšāļē.”

āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ¸āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ ⎀⎒āļ¸āˇƒāˇ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē (WHO) āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āˇƒāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯, āļŠāļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖ ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļąāˇāļ­.āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļą āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļē (USAID) āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 83āļšāˇŠ āļšāļ´āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē⎚ (DRC) āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāļē  āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļš āļ­āļ¯āļļāļ¯āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ…⎀āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ­āˇ’. āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ‡āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”āļœāļ­ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 25.6āļš āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āˇ„āˇ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš āļ†āˇ„āˇāļģ āļ…āļąāˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāļ§ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀āļą āļ¯āļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļ´āˇāˇ‚āļĢāļē āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļļāˇāˇ€āļą āļģāˇāļœ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀āļą āļ¸āļģāļĢ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ´āˇāļ­āļē ⎁⎓āļāˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇšāˇ€āˇ ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļ°āļš āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ’āˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļēāļš āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊāļšāļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāˇāļ°āļš āˇ€āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊ āˇ€āˇš.

āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāļœ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļ”āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ– ⎃⎐āļšāļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļģāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļ­āˇāļŊ⎒āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļļāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ’āļļ⎔āļœāˇ’āļēāˇ (Bundibugyo) ⎀⎛āļģ⎃⎊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇšāļ¯āļē⎚ āļļ⎓āļĸāˇžāˇ‚āļĢ āļšāˇāļŊāļē (incubation period) āļ¯āˇ’āļą 21 āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ ⎀⎒āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļģāˇāļœ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļąāˇœāļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļ†āˇƒāˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāļ‚āļ āˇāļģāļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ´āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇ€ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļšāļŊāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļŊ āļ”āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” “āļ§āļē⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ 42” (Title 42) āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇāļēāļą āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģāļšāļ§ āļ‘āļ¸ āļĸ⎓⎀ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē.

āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āˇš āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ’āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļļāļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ›āļģ⎃āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇāļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒.āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ (āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āļšāˇŠ) āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļļāˇ€āˇ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļļāˇ€āˇ āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āļš āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļœāˇ’āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’.āļ¸āˇ™āļē ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ­āˇšāļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­; āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ”āˇ„āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇāˇ€ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš.

āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļšāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē⎚ (DRC) āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§āļē.

(āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒)

āļ‘āļļāˇāļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸āļš, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ…⎀⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇ’āļē⎒ Read More Âģ

Jaffna speech

“Never Again” — 45th Commemoration of the Jaffna Public Library Arson

Tonight marks the 45th anniversary of the burning of the Jaffna Public Library in May 1981. If we, the Socialist Lead of Sri Lanka and South Asia (SLLA), the Revolutionary Left Faction of the Socialist Equality Party of Sri Lanka, were present at a commemoration event before the Jaffna Public Library today, and asked to address an audience of our Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim brothers and sisters, friends and comrades, we would have delivered the following speech.  


By Sanjaya Jayasekera, member SLLA. 

Jaffna library arson
Jaffna Public Library after Arson. Image courtesy of CPA X.


Friends, comrades, brothers and sisters — Tamils, Sinhalese, Muslims, and all who cherish the meaning of human dignity,

Forty-five years ago today, in the dead of night, flames consumed one of the greatest cultural treasures of South Asia. The Jaffna Public Library — home to over 97,000 volumes, to irreplaceable ola leaf manuscripts, to ancient chronicles and living memory, to the intellectual heritage of the Tamil people accumulated across centuries — was reduced to ashes. Not by accident. Not by nature. But by deliberate human hands: uniformed police and organized thugs, dispatched from the south under the protection and direction of the United National Party government of J.R. Jayawardena. Ministers Gamini Dissanayake and Cyril Mathew — who boasted in print that the Sinhalese must rise to “protect Buddhism” — arrived in Jaffna to oversee the operation. Four Tamil men were dragged from their homes and killed. Homes, shops, offices, and the press of Tamil newspaper Ealanadu were burned. Statues of Tamil cultural figures were demolished at road junctions.

This was not a spontaneous eruption. It was a political decision, made in Colombo, carried out in Jaffna, and covered up in silence by an entire political establishment and a compliant media. No official inquiry was ever held into the destruction of the library. No one was prosecuted. No minister faced justice. The fire that burned on the night of May 31, 1981 was lit by the ruling class of this island — and it was fueled by decades of communalist poison that every major political party, UNP and SLFP alike, had been injecting into the bloodstream of Sri Lankan society since independence.

We gather here today not only to grieve. We gather to understand. We gather to draw the lessons that the ruling class — of every party, of every era — has worked hardest to prevent the people of this island from drawing.

What was destroyed that night?

The books that burned were irreplaceable — Yalpanam Vaipavama, the history of Jaffna, existed in only one copy, and it perished in the fire. But the rulers of Sri Lanka were not primarily burning books. They were burning a people’s sense of themselves. They were burning the confidence, the continuity, and the cultural selfhood of the Tamil minority. They were sending a message, written in fire: You do not belong here. Your history does not count. Your culture is disposable. Your lives are contingent on our permission.

This was the language of Sinhala chauvinism — not a fringe ideology, but the official state ideology, entrenched in the very constitution of the republic by the Sinhala Only Act of 1956, by the anti-Tamil university admissions schemes, by Buddhism’s enshrinement as the state religion. And it was the language of a ruling class that used communal hatred as a tool of governance, a weapon to distract the Sinhalese poor and working class from the economic policies — the austerity, the open-market “liberalization,” the assault on wages and public services — that were devastating their own lives alongside the lives of Tamil workers.

The burning of the Jaffna Library was not the beginning. And it was not the end. It was a turning point — a signal flare fired two years before the July 1983 pogrom, in which organized Sinhala mobs, with voter registration lists in hand provided by state institutions, went from door to door, burning Tamil families alive in Colombo and across the island. Black July ignited a civil war that would consume nearly three decades, claim tens of thousands of lives, shatter entire communities — Tamil and Sinhalese — and culminate in the final military assault of May 2009 at Mulivaikkal, where tens of thousands of Tamil civilians were massacred in what the United Nations itself acknowledged as potential war crimes, while the world looked away.

Standing today here facing the once flame-engulfed walls of this magnificent monument, we should say loudly, “Never Again”.  Never again must mean: never again a burned library. Never again a Black July. Never again a Mulivaikkal.

But “never again” cannot be a wish. It must be a program.

Seventeen years have passed since the guns fell silent in May 2009. What has changed? The war is over — but the conditions that produced the war are not. The military still occupies the North and East. Tamil lands remain seized under military control. Mulivaikkal commemorations — the most basic act of mourning the dead — are physically disrupted by state-backed mobs and security forces. Tamil protesters are harassed by racist mobs and are arrested. A vicious social media hate campaign, coordinated and deliberate, brands every Tamil who speaks of their history, their grief, or their rights as a terrorist, an LTTE sympathizer, a separatist. Tamil writers find their books blocked by government censors under the cynical banner of “national unity.” And presiding over all of this today is the JVP/NPP government of Anura Kumara Dissanayake — a party that built its political career on enthusiastic support for the anti-Tamil war, that opposed every concession to Tamil democratic rights, and that now poses as a government of “national unity” while allowing Sinhala chauvinist propaganda to circulate freely.

We must say this plainly: the militarization of the North has not ended with the war. It has continued and deepened. Successive governments — from Rajapaksa to Wickremesinghe to Dissanayake — have maintained the military stranglehold on Tamil life because the military is the iron fist of a capitalist state that rules in the interests of the Sinhalese bourgeoisie and serves as the instrument of communal oppression. The glorification of the military — the victory parades, the war monuments, the cult of the soldier — is not incidental. It is how the ruling class educates the Sinhalese masses into accepting militarism as their national identity, while ensuring that no united struggle of Tamil and Sinhalese workers can challenge the social order.

The moral disorientation you see in Sinhalese society today — the celebration of soldiers over teachers, the tolerance of racist social media, the passive acceptance of Tamil humiliation and even calls for the repeat of the historical violence, massacres and vandalism — is not the natural condition of the Sinhalese people. It is a manufactured condition. It has been manufactured, across decades, by a ruling class that needed Sinhalese workers to see Tamils as their enemy rather than their comrades. It is the deliberate product of a political culture built on militarism, chauvinism, fear, and lies — because a Sinhalese worker who hates Tamil workers is a worker who will never turn to face his actual oppressor.

It is in this context that we should turn to the lessons of seven decades of betrayal

The tragedy of Sri Lanka is inseparable from the history of betrayal by the parties that once claimed to speak for the working class. The Lanka Sama Samaja Party — which emerged from the Trotskyist tradition — was once the largest workers’ party in South Asia. It had, within its hands, the political means to unite Tamil and Sinhalese workers on the basis of socialist internationalism, to oppose communalism at its roots, and to fight for a government of the working class that guaranteed equal rights for all national minorities. Instead, in 1964, the LSSP leadership capitulated to class collaboration, joined the bourgeois coalition of Sirima Bandaranaike — and sealed Tamil oppression into the very constitution of the republic. Colvin R. de Silva, once a fighter for the Fourth International, presided as a minister over the entrenchment of Sinhala-only language policy. This was not a minor error. It was a world-historical betrayal. It opened the road to every pogrom, every war crime, every burned library that followed.

Capitalism cannot solve the national question in Sri Lanka. The ending of the war did not solve the Tamil national question, and the ruling class has been capitalizing this unresolved problem ever since. Throughout the seventy-eight years of independence it has produced only communal war and economic devastation. The Tamil bourgeois parties — the TULF, the TNA and its successors — have failed Tamil workers and youth just as comprehensively, channeling legitimate grievances into parliamentary deals with Colombo and appeals to foreign imperialist powers that have never served Tamil interests and never will. The LTTE’s separatist program, whatever its origins in the just anger of Tamil youth, could not overcome the fundamental reality that a separate Tamil capitalist state would be a small, economically weak entity, dependent on the same imperialist powers that armed and sustained Colombo’s military, unable to guarantee the rights of Tamils who live within and outside the North and East, and incapable of addressing the root class question.

The path forward is not separation. It is not a communal deal brokered between Tamil and Sinhalese elites. It is the unification of the Sri Lankan working class — Tamil, Sinhalese, and Muslim — in a common struggle against the capitalist system that has used communalism as its instrument of rule for seven decades.

What does “Never Again” demand of us?

When we say “never again,” we do not make a sentimental appeal. We make a political commitment.

Never again a Jaffna Library arson means: never again will we allow the ruling class to burn the cultural heritage of any people — because we understand that the hand that lit that fire was the hand of class rule, using racial hatred as its instrument.

Never again a Black July means: never again will Sinhalese workers stand aside while their class brothers and sisters are massacred — because we understand that the pogrom was organized against Tamils to prevent the unity that would threaten the ruling class.

Never again a Mulivaikkal means: never again will the working class accept a “military solution” to what is a social and political problem — because we understand that the massacre of Tamil civilians served not the interests of Sinhalese workers but the interests of a military apparatus and a ruling class that then turned its guns on Sinhalese workers in austerity, repression, and the destruction of democratic rights.

The Sinhalese workers and youth who are told today that their national glory consists in military parades and the suppression of Tamil commemorations — they are being robbed. They are being robbed of their class consciousness, of their solidarity with fellow workers, of their capacity to fight for their own emancipation. The same ruling class that burned the Jaffna Library has imposed poverty, casualized labor, and IMF austerity on Sinhalese workers. The same military that massacred Tamils at Mulivaikkal is the instrument of a state that imprisons striking workers and breaks trade unions. The enemy of Tamil workers is the enemy of Sinhalese workers. His name is not Tamil or Sinhalese. Its name is Capital.

What are we fighting for?

We call upon Tamil and Sinhalese workers, youth, teachers, students, and intellectuals to build a united movement — not a movement of ethnic reconciliation brokered by elites who represent no one but themselves, but a movement of the working class, fighting for:

The immediate end to military occupation of the North and East, and the return of all seized Tamil lands to the rightful owners. The right to commemorate the Tamil dead at Mulivaikkal and all sites of atrocity — without harassment, disruption, or criminalization. Full linguistic, cultural, and democratic rights for Tamils and all national minorities, including the Muslim community which has faced its own waves of racist persecution. An end to the militarist culture that has been poisoned into Sinhalese society — a culture that glorifies killing and suppresses solidarity. The prosecution of those responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity, from Black July through to Mulivaikkal. And above all — a socialist political program that places the resources of this island — its land, its labor, its productive capacity — under the democratic control of its working people, Sinhalese, Tamil, and Muslim alike, so that poverty, communal division, and ruling-class manipulation can be swept away at their roots.

The Jaffna Library held the memory of a civilization. It held books that no one can recover. But it also holds, for us, an indelible political lesson: that a ruling class willing to burn a library is a ruling class willing to burn everything — willing to burn villages, willing to massacre civilians, willing to destroy entire peoples — in defense of its power and profit.

We honor the memory of what was destroyed on this night 45 years ago not by grief alone, but by commitment — the commitment to build the political movement that makes such destruction impossible, by ending the system that makes it necessary.

A heritage was rendered ashes. But the struggle lives on!

Never again — through the unity of the working class of the North and the South!

“Never Again” — 45th Commemoration of the Jaffna Public Library Arson Read More Âģ

Feature

āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē

āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 1 āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€œCapitalist crisis, war and the international class struggle” āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˛ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊ ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ”āļąāˇŠāļŊ⎒āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒. 

WSWS āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ 2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļœāļ­ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ WSWS āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˜ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊ ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“.

2026 āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāˇāļŊ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē

⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļ¯āļģ⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇ’, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇ’, āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļēāļąāˇ’, āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ”āļģāļąāˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļ°āˇāļģāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇ’, āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ”āļļ ⎃⎐āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļ­:

āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ ⎃āļ¸āļœ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļ¸āˇ”.

āļ…āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ­āļģāļē⎚ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāˇ€āļģāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇ™āļœāˇ’āļŠāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļļ⎀āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāˇ€āļģāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇ™āļœāˇ’āļŠāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļļ⎀āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģ⎄⎒āļ­āˇ€ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, 1945-46 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ āļąāļŠāˇ” ⎀⎒āļˇāˇāļœāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļŽ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ›āļ­āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē. 

Nuremberg
1945 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢ āļąāļŠāˇ” ⎀⎒āļˇāˇāļœāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ–āļŠāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ. [āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē: āļģ⎚āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇŠ āļŠāˇ“’āļ‡āļŠāˇāļģ⎒āļēāˇ]

āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 7 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļ›āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē: ‘āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇāļ āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ¯ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­, āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš.’ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āļ āļą āˇƒāļ¯āˇāļšāˇāļŊ⎒āļšāˇ€āļ¸ āļšāˇ”āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāļ§ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļļāˇ’āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ-⎃āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļš āˇƒāˇ”āļąāļ›āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āˇƒāļˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē ⎀⎒āļē.

āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ– āļ¯āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš 13,000āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. ⎅āļ¸āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 376 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ 3,375 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ¸āˇ’āļēāļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļ­āˇ”āˇ€āˇāļŊ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎖⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€ 26,000 āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāļœāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙āļŊ⎓āļ¸, āļ‘āļģāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĨāļēāļąāˇŠ, āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, ⎅āļ¸āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļēāļ§āˇ’āļ­āļŊ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāļ§ āļ‡āļ¯ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āļēāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ āļāˇāļ­āļą āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ­āļ¸ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļē.

āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āļŊ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ“āļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊ⎙āļļāļąāļąāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ‘āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇƒ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļ´āļŊ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ“āļą āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļģāˇāˇ„āļŊ⎊, āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊, āļĸāļŊ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒ ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļ° āļ†āļē⎔āļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇƒāˇāļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļą āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļēāļąāˇ” āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļš-āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇ˜āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇāˇ„āˇƒāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇš.

Gaza
2025 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 24 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļģāˇāļ¯āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļģāˇ†āˇ āļąāļœāļģāļēāļ§ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇœāļŠāļļ⎒āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļē āļŠāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļą āļēāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļą āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē . [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē: āļĸāˇ™āˇ„āˇāļŠāˇŠ āļ…āļŊāˇŠāˇ‚āˇŠāļģāˇāˇ†āˇ’]

āļ¸āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē āļĸāˇāˇ€āˇāļģāļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ‘āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€ āļˇāļ‚āļœ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āļœāļąāļē āļąāļģ⎔āļ¸ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļēāļšāļ¯āˇ“, āļšāˇāļģ⎒āļļ⎒āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇš āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āļ´āˇāˇƒāˇ’⎆⎒āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ°āˇ“⎀āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ 180āļšāļ§ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āļļāˇāļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļŊāļ¯, āļŊāļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎙āļģ⎅āļ§ āļ”āļļ⎊āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āļąāļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āļ­āļšāļē āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļœāˇžāļģ⎀āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ„āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ”. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ, ⎀āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļĸ⎓⎀āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓ āļąāˇāļ­. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļąāļŠāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāˇ… āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļŊāļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāļēāˇāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļˇāˇ“⎂āļĢ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāļ§ āļœāˇœāļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ°āļą āˇƒāˇāļ´āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ„⎒āļ§āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāˇāļ°āļš āļ´āˇāļąāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āļē⎔āļļāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ­āļģāļē⎚ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļš āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āļē⎔āļļāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ­āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļŸ āˇ€āˇ“ āļąāˇāļ­. 1959 āˇƒāˇ„ 1960 āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļšāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ¸āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇ” ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļšāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1.8āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļģāˇāļĸ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ­āļš āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎐āļ§āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļœāˇš āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļ¸āˇāļģ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ¯ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇ”āļœāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“.

āļšāˇāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ āˇāˇāļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“, āˇ„āˇāļ§āļŊ⎊ āļĸāļąāˇƒāļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“, āļ¸āˇāļģ āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓āļē āˇ„āˇ āļģāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓āļē, āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇāˇ†āˇ’āļēāˇ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 100āļš āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ†āļēāˇāļĸāļą āļ‘āļš āļģ⎐āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ”āļœāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļąāļģāļšāļ¸ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚, āļ°āļąāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇāļģāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ, ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊ ⎃āļˇāˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ ⎃āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļŊ⎖ āļœāļĢ⎒āļšāˇ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļˇāˇ“āļ­ āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļšāˇ“āļšāļģ⎔āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀āļģāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļ¯āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ… āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāˇ€ āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļšāˇ’āļē⎔āļļāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāˇ€ āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļ­.

āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 3 ⎀āļąāļ¯āˇ āļšāˇāļģāļšāˇƒāˇŠ āļąāˇ”⎀āļģāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎔āļŊāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇœāļŊ⎃⎊ āļ¸āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ, āļ”⎄⎔⎀ āˇƒāˇ“.āļ…āļē⎒.āļ’. (CIA) ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ‚āˇ™āˇ€āˇŠāļģāˇāļąāˇŠ (Chevron) āˇƒāˇ„ ⎂⎙āļŊ⎊ (Shell) ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļˇāˇāļģāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ­āļģāļē⎚ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļąāļœāˇŠāļą āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āļ¸āļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļąāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļšāˇ’āļļ⎔ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇāļą āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļģāļĸāļēāļą āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļē⎒. āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ­āˇ āļˇāļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą ‘āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āļ§āˇ’āļ´āˇāļ§āˇ’āļē’ āļēāļąāˇ” āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āļ‚āļ āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙⎅⎒ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļļāļŊāļē⎚ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ­āļ¸ āļŊāˇāļˇāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇšāˇ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļļāˇāļ°āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāˇƒāļŊāļšāļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļąāˇāļŸāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļēāļą āˇ€āˇāļģāļ¯āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ…āļŠāļ‚āļœāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ–, āļ…āˇƒāˇāļ¯āˇ” āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāļœāļ­ āļšāˇ…, āļģ⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ„ āļšāˇ…, āļģāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ…, āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ´āļ§āļŊāˇ€āˇ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇ” āļšāˇ… āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇš āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļēāļ§ āļœāˇœāļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ´āˇ… āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”.

āļąāˇāļ§āˇ (NATO) ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‹āˇƒāˇ’āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ­āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļˇāˇ“āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇ„āˇ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ, āˇƒāˇ™āļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎜āļŊāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ™āˇ€āˇ’āļšāˇŠ-āļŊ⎙āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļļāļŊāļšāˇāļē⎚ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀āļą āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļ¯āļģ āļļ⎜āļœāˇŠāļŠāˇāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎜āļ§āˇ’āļē⎔āļšāˇŠ (Bogdan Syrotiuk) ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ”āļļ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”.āļļ⎜āļœāˇŠāļŠāļąāˇŠ (Bogdan), āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļļ⎀āļ§ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļą āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎒āļŊ⎒āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇāˇ€ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš ⎀⎒āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļģāˇŠāˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļĨāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āˇƒāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļļ⎀ āļ”āļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. ‘āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚’ (World Socialist Web Site) āļ´āˇ… āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎜āļœāˇŠāļŠāˇāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē āļļ⎀ āļ”āļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇ” ⎀⎙āļē⎒. āˇƒāˇ™āļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āļœāˇš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļœāˇāļ­āˇ’ āļģ⎖āļšāļŠ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ”āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§āļ¯ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ‘āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļšāˇ’. āļļ⎜āļœāˇŠāļŠāˇāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. 

Bogdan
āļĸāˇāļąāˇŠ āļģ⎓āļŠāˇŠāļœāˇš ‘āļŊāˇāļšāļē ⎄⎙āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎖ āļ¯āˇƒ āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒ’ (Ten Days that Shook the World) āļąāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāļģāļĢāļēāļš āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āļœāˇš āļģ⎖āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎜āļœāˇŠāļŠāˇāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎜āļ§āˇ’āļē⎔āļšāˇŠ, 2023 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊

āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎊āļšāˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļœāļ­ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ´āˇ… āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠ, āļģāļĸāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļģāˇ„āˇƒāˇ’āļœāļ­ āļ‘āļšāļŸāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇš “āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļē” ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļˇāˇāļœāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ…āļŠāļ‚āļœāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą, āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļ¯āļŦ⎔⎀āļ¸āļšāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āˇ„āļąāļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļģ⎙āļ¯āˇ’āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒, ⎀⎒⎀⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ (BİRTEK-SEN) ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„āˇŠāļ¸āˇ™āļ§āˇŠ āļ§āļģ⎊āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ (Mehmet TÃŧrkmen) āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ‘āˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’⎂⎙⎄⎓āļģ⎊ (Eskişehir) āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļšāˇāļģāˇ (Ankara) āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļŠāˇœāļģ⎔āļšāˇŠ (Doruk) āļ´āļ­āļŊ⎊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇāļœāļ¸āļą āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀⎖ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ‘āļ­ āļšāˇāļŊāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ…āļŠāļ‚āļœāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ–, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļ´āļ­āļŊ⎊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ (BağımsÄąz Maden-İş) āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļˇāˇ“āļ­ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‹āļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ-āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇŠ (Umut-Sen) ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļēāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāˇāļģāļš āˇ€āļą āļļāˇ‚āˇāļģāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ” (Başaran Aksu) ⎀⎙āļ­āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ”āļļ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ´āļ­āļŊ⎊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ´āˇ”⎀āļ­ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ā āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ´āļ­āļŊ⎊ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎀āļąāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀āļąāˇāļ´āˇāļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļąāˇāļē⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āļš āˇ€āļą āļ‘āˇƒāˇŠāļģāˇ āļ‰āˇ‚⎒āļšāˇŠ (Esra IÅŸÄąk) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļģ⎊āļŠāˇœāļœāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇāļœāˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ…āļŠāļ‚āļœāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļēāļąāˇ”, āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒ āļ”āˇƒāˇ€āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎊āļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļš āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇ’. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ§ āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎊āļšāˇ’āļē ⎀āļŠ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ‡āļ¯ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āļŠāˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ…āļ´ āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇœāˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇš āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇ–⎄⎒āļš āļ¯āļŦ⎔⎀āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāļ§ āļœāˇœāļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇ„āļēāˇāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‘āļŊ⎊ āļœāļ¸āˇāļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļœāˇš āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇŠāļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯āļģāļą āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļē āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ€ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļē⎒. āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀āļģāļ¯āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§āļ¸ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇ™āļą āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠāļšāļģāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļļāˇāļ°āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļšāļ§, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ‰āļŠ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ™āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ‘āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ, ICE (⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎚āļœāˇ” āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļē) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āˇāļŊāļ§ āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āˇ€āˇ“, āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļŊ⎊ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļĸāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ”āļ¸, āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ”āļģ⎔⎂āļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļ¸, ⎃⎊āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāļšāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ”āļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļšāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ”: āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āļŊ⎚āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļąāˇ”. āļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎓ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļąāˇ”. āˇ†āˇāļŊ⎊āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āļąāˇŠ, āļ•āļ§āˇš āļ¸āˇšāˇƒāˇ, āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ¸āˇŠ, “āļ‡āļŊ⎒āļœāˇšāļ§āļģ⎊ āļ‡āļŊ⎊āļšāˇāļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ‘āˇƒāˇŠâ€ (Alligator Alcatraz) āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀, āļąāļŠāˇ” ⎀⎒āļˇāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļļāļŊāˇāļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļ­āļļāˇāļœāˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļģ⎐āļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļąāˇ”. āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļ­āļļāˇāļœāˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļēāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ‹āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļē⎒.

āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļą āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ ICE (⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎚āļœāˇ” āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļē) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļļāļŊāļšāˇāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€ āļ¸āˇ’āļēāļœāˇ’āļē āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇāļŊ⎊ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļœāˇš āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļĢāļœāˇāļ§āˇ”⎀ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇ€āļģāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āļąāˇœāļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļœāļē āļ…āļ´āļ­āˇš āļąāˇœāļēāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇāļŊ⎊ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’

āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀⎓āļ¸, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļļ⎒āļŗāˇ™āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļģ⎔āļ¸ āļ´āļĢ āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļē⎒. āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē āļ…āļ´ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļ¸ āļ‹āļ¯āˇāļģ ⎄⎐āļŸāˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇāļģ⎒ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļąāļē⎒. 

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļģ⎔āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ”āļ¯āˇ” āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļ‘āļē ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļš āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļš āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļēāļ­āˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē ⎃āļšāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļģ⎔āļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē āļ‰āļ§āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 35āļš āļšāˇāļŊāļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļēāļš āļ‹āļ āˇŠāļ āļ­āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļąāˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎄āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš 1991 āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļē āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ–, āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āˇ“ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 35āļš āļšāˇāļŊāļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļēāļš āļ‹āļ āˇŠāļ āļ­āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ, ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ (Israel lobby) āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļš āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļāˇāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ­āˇ’. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ (antisemitic) āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ‘āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ­āˇāļą’ (America First) āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ (pseudo-left) āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āˇāļģāļē ⎀āļą āļ¸āļ­āļē, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļšāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­, AIPAC (āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀), āļąāˇ™āļ­āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ„āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļļāļŊ⎄āļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ§āˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āˇƒāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ (apology for American imperialism) āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎀ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āļąāˇœāˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē āˇƒāˇ„āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ„āˇ’āˇ…āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē, āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļąāļ­āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļē ⎀āļą āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āļ§ āˇ„āļģāˇ€āˇ, āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāˇ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāļģ⎀āļē⎒. āļ‘āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎐āļŸāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎃āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇāļģ ⎀⎙āļąāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¸āļŗāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ¸āˇƒāˇ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļģāļ‚āļœāļąāˇ āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇš. āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇšāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ€āļ¯āˇāļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‹āļ´āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļ´āˇœāˇ…āļšāˇ€āˇāļŊ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ (āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ) āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇšāļ¯ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļĨāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ’ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļŊāˇšāˇ€āˇāļšāˇ’ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘āļē 20 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎖ āļ´āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ“āļą āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē, 1910 āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āˇ™āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ”āļģ⎒āļģ⎔ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļĸāļ´āˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ´āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎔ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāˇŠ ⎄⎙⎅⎓āļ¸, 1950 āˇƒāˇ„ 1953 āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļšāˇœāļģ⎒āļēāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 3āļšāˇŠ āļ¯, 1961 āˇƒāˇ„ 1973 āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎀⎒āļēāļ§āˇŠāļąāˇāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēā āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļˆāļ­āļ§ āļ¯āˇ’⎀ āļēāļē⎒. āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 30 āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ¸āˇāļ¯āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¯ āļŠāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš.

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āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎀⎒āļēāļ§āˇŠāļąāˇāļ¸ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļēāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎀⎒āļēāļ§āˇŠāļąāˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇœāļŊ⎊āļ¯āˇāļ¯āˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļąāˇāļ´āˇāļ¸āˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļēāļšāˇŠ (napalm bomb) ⎄⎙⎅⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, ⎀⎒āļēāļ§āˇŠāļąāˇāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎐āļąāˇŠāļœāˇŠ āļļ⎑āļąāˇŠāļœāˇŠ (TráēŖng Bàng) āļ…āˇƒāļŊ āļ´āˇāļģāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇš ⎆⎐āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ ⎆⎔āļšāˇŠ (Phan Thi Kim Phuc) āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļģ⎒āļē āļ¯āˇ’⎀ āļēāļą āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļą â€œāļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļˇāˇ“⎂āļĢāļē” (The Terror of War) āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē. [āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē: 1972 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āļ­āļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āļ´āˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē, āļąāˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ‹āļ§āˇŠ (Nick Ut)]

āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļąāˇ’⎀⎐āļģāļ¯āˇ’⎀ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āļēāļąāˇ” āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 78āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ†āļē⎔āļ° āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ ⎃āļ´āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒āļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ”āļģāļ´āˇœāļŊāļšāˇŠ (militarized outpost) āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ­āˇ€āļ¯, 1953 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚āļ¯āˇ“ CIA ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀⎖ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯, āˇ‚āˇ āļģāļĸ⎔āļœāˇš (Shah) āļģ⎖āļšāļŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļ´āˇ™āļģāˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ– 1979 āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē ⎃āļ¸āļœ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļœāˇ’ ⎀⎓ āļąāˇāļ­.

2006 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ„āˇš āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļšāˇŠāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāˇŠ, āļļāˇ”āˇ‚āˇŠ, āļ”āļļāˇāļ¸āˇ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļ°āˇ”āļģ āļšāˇāļŊāļē, āļļāļē⎒āļŠāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļ¯ āļ‘āļē (āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē) āļģāˇ„āˇƒāˇ’āļœāļ­ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāˇāļ°āļš āļ´āˇāļąāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ, āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ¯āˇāļš āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇāļģāˇŠāˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļš (āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¸) āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ‹āļ āˇŠāļ āļ­āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļē⎒.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ…āļģ⎊āļŽāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļŊ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢ, āļ…āļē⎄āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎐āļģāļ¯āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ’ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§, āļ‘āļē āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚āļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇ’: āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎐āļąāˇŠāļą, āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇžāļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āˇ„āˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ⎓āļē āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎒; āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļą, āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļļāļŊāļē āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļœāˇŠāļ°āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇ”āļ āˇŠāļ āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ€ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš-āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎒. āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇāļš āļ´āˇ„āļš āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ– ⎀⎒āļģ⎖ āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļāļąāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļ¸, āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āˇœāļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇ’āļąāˇ™āļš āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļēāļšāļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 35 āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļœ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ āļœāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē ⎃āļąāˇāļŽ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

1991 āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ āļŠāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ â€œāˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āˇƒāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē” āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ”āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇāļļāļģ⎊ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļ§āļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļē⎅⎒ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āļģ ⎀⎖ āļļ⎀āļē⎒. ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎊āļŊ, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇ’āļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē, āˇƒāˇ„ 1945 āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē āļ´āļģāˇāļĸāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ 1949 āļ āˇ“āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎓āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­āˇ’āļē, āļ†āļ´āˇƒāˇ” ⎄⎐āļģ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒.

Red Army
1945 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 2 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļļāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļąāļē⎚ āļģāļē⎒āļ āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļœāˇŠ (Reichstag – āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ” āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļŊ⎊āļŊ) āļ¸āļ­ āļģāļ­āˇ” ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āˇƒāˇ™āļļ⎅⎔āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ āļ°āļĸāļē āļ”āˇƒāˇ€āļē⎒.

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļļ⎒āļēāļšāļģ⎔ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎚ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē (USSR) āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎀⎐āļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠāļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ€āˇāļģāļ¯āˇ’ āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔⎀āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āļē. āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ…āˇƒāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļš āˇ€āˇ“ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ”āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇāļļāļģ⎊ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļēāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎖, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“-⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ (anti-socialist nationalism) ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļē⎒. āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸, āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇāļļ⎖ ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ “āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļģāļ§āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē” āļēāļą āˇ€āˇāļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ, āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļļāļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎜āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ āļ”āļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇ” ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒.

āļ”āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇāļļāļģ⎊ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ… āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ āļšāˇ… āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āˇ„āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ (International Committee of the Fourth International) āļ‰āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀ āļšāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¯āˇ”āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļē. āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ ⎄āļ­āļģāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ 1987 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē:

“āļ­āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ„āˇ’āļŸāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ˜āˇ‚⎒āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇāļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇŠāļšāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇ€āˇ™āˇ…āļŗāļ´āˇœāˇ…āļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇšāˇ ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āˇ…āļŗāļ´āˇœāˇ…āļ§ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļē⎅⎒ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļšāļģāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļą āļœāˇœāļģ⎊āļļāļ āˇ™āˇ€āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļē⎒.”

āļœāˇœāļģ⎊āļļāļ āˇ™āˇ€āˇŠ āļ­āˇāļģāˇāļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļē⎒. 1991 āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ‹āļ āˇŠāļ āļ­āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎒āļē: āļ”āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇāļļāļģ⎊ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇœāˇ„āˇœāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āˇ„āˇāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ– ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē, āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ¯ āļ´āˇ”āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļąāˇ€ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ (Russian oligarchy) ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¯āˇ–⎂⎒āļ­ āˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ‘āļ¯āļģ āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒āļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē.

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļŊ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ¯ āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ­āˇšāļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ­āļ¸ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ†āļ´āˇƒāˇ” ⎄⎐āļģ⎀⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļē ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇš, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļĸāļ´āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ” āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ’āļš āļ­āļģāļŸāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļļāļŊ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ’āļš āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎓āļ¸, āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒⎄⎓ āļēāˇāļ¸ (āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸), āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļē⎀⎐āļē ⎄⎒āļŸāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļļāļģ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļē⎅⎒ āļēāļŽāˇ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ›āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļļāļŊāļē (⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē) āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. 

āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ‘⎅āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ¯āˇāļš āļ­āˇ”āļąāļš āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļšāļē, āļē⎔āļœāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€, āļ‡āˇ†āˇŠāļœāļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļē, āļŊ⎒āļļ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€, āˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€, āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāļģ āļ¯āļ¸āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓āļē. āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāļēāļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāļģāļĢāˇāļœāļ­ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇ™āˇ…⎀āļģ ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎑āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇ’; āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇƒāļąāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ‰āļģāļĢāļ¸ āļ†āļ´āˇƒāˇ” ⎄⎐āļģ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē.

2003 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 21 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļŊāļļāˇāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē⎙⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļļ⎐āļœāˇŠāļŠāˇ‘āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇ”⎀āļģāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’āļļāļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļē⎒. [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē: āļĸ⎙āļģ⎜āļ¸āˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎚]

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļ¸ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“⎀ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļ¯ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎒āļē. āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļŠ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ ⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ 1994 āļ¸āˇ™āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ™āˇƒāˇ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, 1997 āļ†āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, 1998 āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļĢāļē āļœāˇ™āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļģ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļąāˇŠāļœāˇŠ-āļ§āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ§āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇšāļĸ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ (LTCM) ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇš āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸, 2000 āļŠāˇœāļ§āˇŠ-āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸, 2008 āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, 2010-12 āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļĢāļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, 2020 āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀⎖ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ 2022 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļš āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļēāļąāˇāļ¯āˇ’āļēāļē⎒.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¯āˇ˜āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎒āļēāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļĢāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļ…āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‘āļē 2001 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 5.8āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 40 āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇ…āļŸāˇ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āˇ„āˇ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļ¸āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ“āļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļģāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊāļē⎒. āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģāļē āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļ’āļšāļšāļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ 1944 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎔āļŠāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ (Bretton Woods) ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ“, āļģāļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇƒāļēāļš āˇ€āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇāļšāļ¸ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ 35āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒.

1971 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎔āļŠāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ (Bretton Woods) āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ­āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ āļ‘āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ”āļĢ⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļģāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎙⎄⎒ āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāˇāļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ¸āļœ āļ´āˇ‘āļ¯āˇ– āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāļĢ āˇƒāˇ”āļŊ⎔ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē. āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§ āļģāļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇƒāļēāļš āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ 4,600āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇ€āˇš. ⎀⎙āļąāļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļ āļąāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇ€āˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš ⎀āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇāļšāļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļģāļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ ⎃⎃āļŗāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģāļē⎚ ⎀āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇāļšāļ¸, āļ…āļŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāļšāļ§ āļ¸āļŗāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 99āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ„āļ­ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­.

1991 āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ 2026 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ ⎀⎖ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 35 āļš āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļē. āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļĸāļēāļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀⎖ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļē āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļąāˇŠ āļēāļąāˇ” 20 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖, āļŊāˇāļš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš-āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ“ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą, āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāļš āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āˇ€āˇš.

⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē⎀ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ¯āˇ“āļģ⎊āļ āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļš āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒; āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 13 ⎀āļąāļ¯āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āļ´āļģāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļļ⎜āļšāˇŠāļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āˇ€āļģāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļ§āļŊāˇ (āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāļģ) āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāļ§ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļŗāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ­.

Nor us
āˇ„āˇāļ¸āˇ”āˇƒāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸ [āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē: Goran_tek-en / CC BY-SA 4.0]

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ†āˇ„āˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļ­āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āļ§āļŊ⎑āļ¸ (āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸) āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ”āļŠāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇāļœāļ­āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āˇ„āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ†āˇ„āˇāļģ āļ…āļąāˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­āļ­āˇ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāˇ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ 12 āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ 18 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒āļšāˇŠāļ­ āļ¸āļģāļĢ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ´āˇāļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ (āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ¸āļģāļĢ āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ) āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§āļ¯ āļ‘āļē āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš, āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎙āļģāˇ”āˇƒāļŊāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļŊāļ¯ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢ⎀āļŊ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊ āˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ”āˇƒāļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļ¸ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’ āļœāˇ™āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļą āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāˇāļŸāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļœāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļąāˇŠ, āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ†āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļē.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎓āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļē āļ¯ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļēāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎓āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļļ⎐⎃āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ“āļģ⎊āļ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ–āļģ⎊āļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ–āļ§āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļē⎒.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎔⎄āļē, āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āļ´āˇāļ­ āˇ€āļą āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ ⎃āļšāˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļēāļąāˇ”, āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ°āļąāˇƒāˇŠāļšāļąāˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ ⎀⎖āļ¯, āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ”āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļļāˇāļ°āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ‰āˇ€āˇƒāˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļāˇāļ°āļš āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļŊāļšāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ ⎀⎖āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āļ­āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ (āļ°āļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļēāļ¸ āļ­āļ¸ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļēāļ§ āļąāļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļŸāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļēāļē⎒. 

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āˇƒāļ´āļēāˇ āļœāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎓āļē āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš 2027 āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ ⎀āļģāˇŠāˇ‚āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļē⎀⎐āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ‘āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€’ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1.5 āļš āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļąāˇ€āˇ“āļą āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸ āˇ€āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ āˇ“āļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļē, ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔ āļ…āļģ⎊āļŽāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļŊ, āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļē⎀⎐āļēāļšāˇ’.

āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļœāˇ™āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇšāļ¯? āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļŠāļ§ āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē āļģ⎅⎔ āļ…⎀āļ‚āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­. “āļ…āļ´ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąâ€ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇƒāˇ”āļˇāˇƒāˇāļ°āļą āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇāļ´ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… āļ”⎄⎔, āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇšāļ¯ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē: â€œāˇ…āļ¸āˇ āˇƒāˇ”āļģ⎐āļšāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą, āļ¸āˇ™āļŠāˇ’āļšāˇšāļŠāˇŠ (Medicaid), āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ™āļŠāˇ’āļšāˇ™āļēāˇāļģ⎊ (Medicare) āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎃⎜āļēāˇ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļ§ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇŠāļšāļšāˇ’. … āļ…āļ´āļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇāļą āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ­: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€āļē⎒.” āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē (⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāļšāļģāļĢāļē), āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ (āļ°āļą āļšāˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļģ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…⎐āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚) āļ°āļąāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āˇƒāˇāļ´āļē⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļŊāļ¯ āļ¸āˇ™āļŠāˇ’āļšāˇ™āļēāˇāļģ⎊, āļ¸āˇ™āļŠāˇ’āļšāˇšāļŠāˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļē, āļ…āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āļąāļē, āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­āļē.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļŊāˇāļš āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠāļšāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļšāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ™āļģ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāˇ€āļģāļšāļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē, āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļģāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎔⎄āļēāļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸, āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­ āļ¸āˇāļģ āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļšāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸, ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļēāļ¸ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯āļģāļą āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ– āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļŊ⎔ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎖āļ´āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē.

āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, 2025 āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 2 ⎀āļą āļ…āļŸāˇ„āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇāļļ⎒āļąāļ§āˇŠ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļ…āļē⎔āļģ⎔ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’ āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇ āļģ⎖āļļ⎒āļēāˇ (⎀āļ¸āˇš) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ“āļ§āˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ (āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎚) āļļāļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļē⎔āļģ⎔. [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē/āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒āļēāˇ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āļģ⎓ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠ]

āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļģāļ§āļšāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āˇ€āˇ– āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāļąāļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎚. āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇ’; āļ’ āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€āļ¸ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāļ§ āˇ„āˇāļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¯ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’. āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļšāˇ”⎄āļš āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇāļ āˇāļŊ āļšāļ­āˇ āļ‰āļ­āˇ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļŊāļĸ⎊āļĸ⎒āļ­ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ­āˇ„⎐āļģ āļ¯āļ¸āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē (⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāļšāļģāļĢāļē) āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇ”āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎅⎒ āļ´āļĢāļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎒. āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ“āļēāļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļē āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļ´āļģāļ´āˇ”āļģ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļļ⎀ āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļ­āˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļē ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āˇ€āˇāļ āˇāļŊ āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ (NATO) āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāˇāļœāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­āˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ­āˇ’. āļē⎔āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļąāļē, āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš, 1914 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ­āˇ”āļŠāˇ” āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ 1917 āļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ…āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļœāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ¸āļē. āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļˇāˇāļœāļē

2020 āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē (World Socialist Web Site) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļš āļ´āˇ”āļąāļģ⎊āļĸ⎓⎀āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇāļē⎒ āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļ°āļē āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē ⎃āļąāˇāļŽ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāļē āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ´āˇ„ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇ–āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ¯āˇāļģ⎓āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ…⎄āļšāˇ” āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ ⎀⎖ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļĨāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš (demagogues) āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀⎖ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļš āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ” āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļŊāˇāļˇ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļšāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ-19 (COVID-19) āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āļšāˇœāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ-19 (COVID-19) āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āļē⎚, 2020 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 9 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļąāˇŠāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ’ āˇ„āˇāļģ⎊āļ§āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ–āļ´āļ­āˇš (Hart Island) ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ“⎀⎅āļš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ…āˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎔āļģ⎔ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āļ¯āˇāļą āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļē⎔āļģ⎔. [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē/āļĸāˇāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļŊāˇ]

āļē⎔āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļąāļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ‡āˇ€āˇ’⎅⎓ āļēāˇāļ¸, āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļą āļĸāļąāˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙āļŊ⎓āļ¸, ⎀⎙āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎔āļŊāˇāˇ€āˇš āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ™āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€, āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļŊāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē, āļ´āˇāļąāļ¸āˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ’āļē⎔āļļāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀āļą āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą āļ­āˇ”⎅, ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāˇ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļąāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔⎀ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇ€ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸; āļ†āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎙āļē⎒āļœāˇš āļ¯, āļ‰āļ­āˇāļŊ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āļŊāˇāļąāˇ’āļœāˇš āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļŊ āļ¯ āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸; āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļ…āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ (⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāļšāļģāļĢāļē), ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āļ­ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ, āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢ āļģ⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āļšāļ´āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ, āļšāˇ˜āļ­āˇ’āļ¸ āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē (AI) āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģ⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ ⎀⎓āļ¸, āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ¸āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇƒāˇ”āļˇāˇƒāˇāļ°āļą āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀āļą āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎙āļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎔⎀āļ¯, 2025 ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ°āļąāļē āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 18.3 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœāˇ’āļē⎚āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļ…āļģ⎊āļ°āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ (⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāļšāļģāļĢāļē⎚) āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāļąāļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ…āļąāˇāļœāļ­ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¸āˇš ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇ„⎐āļģ⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸ āļ¯ āļ‹āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¯āˇāļšāļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļˇāˇāļœāļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ’āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. 1845 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļŊāˇ“āˇ€āˇšāļē: “āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸāļ¸, āļ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļēāļ§ āļ¯āˇāļēāļš āˇ€āļą āļĸāļąāļšāˇāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļ¯ āļ’ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.” āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ āļ…⎀āļļāˇāļ°āļē āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļąāˇāļŽ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, ⎀⎐āļŠāļšāļģāļą āļĸāļąāļšāˇāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāˇ āļ‡āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ´āˇ„āļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀, 2026 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļ§āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą 458 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļē 2025 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ…āļ¯āˇāˇ… āļšāˇāļŊāļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇāļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎖āļ´āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. 2026 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļļ⎙āļŊ⎊āļĸ⎒āļēāļ¸āˇš (āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 12) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‰āļ­āˇāļŊ⎒āļē⎚ (āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 9) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯, ⎃⎊āļ´āˇāļ¤āˇŠāļ¤āļē⎚ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļŊāˇ–āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇŠ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ (āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 8 āˇƒāˇ„ 17) āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯, āļ‹āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎃āļē⎒āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇāˇ€āˇš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš, āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļļ⎄⎔āļŊāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē (āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇāˇ€), 2025 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļ¯ āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āˇ āļēāˇāļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļģāˇāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē⎚ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1.7 āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ–āˇ„.

⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€, āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ’āļšāļģāˇāˇāˇ“ ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļšāˇāļŊāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€, ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎁āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ…āļ‚⎁ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āˇ€āˇāļģ āļœāļĢāļą āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ 2026 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļē, 2025 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļļāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇ’āļē āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļš āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ICE (⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎚āļœāˇ” āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļē) āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļŠāļ§ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ– ‘No Kings’ (āļģāļĸ⎀āļģ⎔ āļ‘āļ´āˇ) āļĸāļą āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 8 āļš āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇāļŊāˇ’āˇ†āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇ€āˇ’āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļŊāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ 42,000 āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ‘āļšāļēāˇ’āˇƒāļģ⎊’ (Kaiser) āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ 31,000 āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ”⎀āļģ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ– “No Kings” (āļģāļĸ⎀āļģ⎔ āļ‘āļ´āˇ) āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ ⎀āļąāˇāˇ„⎒, āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē (oligarchy) āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļģāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚āļ¸ āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ…⎀āļ­āˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļ¸ āļ‘āļšāˇ€āļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļœ āˇ„āˇāļģ⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ’āˇ€āˇ ⎀āļŠ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļēāˇāļĸāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāļĸāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļļāļŊāļšāˇāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģāļą āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ¯ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. 

⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇāļą āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļą āļ‘āļšāļšāˇŠāļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāļē⎒. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āļ¸ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎃āļ´āļēāˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļēāļš āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¸ āļœāˇāļļ⎊ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļŠāļ§, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎃āļ´āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļē āļšāļģāˇ āļēāļą āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļē ⎀āļą āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇ–⎄⎒āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāļē āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļē āļšāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāļģāļœāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āˇƒāˇāļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎃āļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎒āļ­āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļē⎔āļœāļē āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇāļšāˇ€āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļšāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇāļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇŠāļ āˇāļ­āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ° āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚ āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸, āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļąāļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāˇ āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļēāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­. 2026 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļē ⎃āļąāˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎄āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāļģ⎅⎒āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎒ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļē, āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļą āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’.

⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļŸāļąāˇ”!

āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ [pseudo-left: āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’⎅⎒ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģ⎊āļŽāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ] āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ°āˇ›āļģ⎊āļēāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļąāļģ⎔āļ¸āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ‚⎁āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āļ¸āļąāļƒāļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āˇ’āļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¯āļĢ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ…āļąāļˇāˇ’āļˇāˇ€āļąāˇ“āļē āļļ⎀ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇ“āļģāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ ⎀⎙āļ­āˇ’. āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ†āļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āļē āļļ⎒āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļšāˇ”āļŊ āļ¸āˇ”āˇƒāˇ” ⎀⎖⎀āļšāˇ’.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš, āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ›āˇ‚āļē⎒āļš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ⎓āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļœāļē⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļ­āļē.

⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš, āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ”āˇ„āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ, āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ‹āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ‘ā āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļļ⎒⎄⎒ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāļē āļ…āļ´ āļąāˇ’⎀⎐āļģāļ¯āˇ’⎀ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ ⎀āļ§āˇ„āˇāļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. 1980 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 2 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļąāļ‚āˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” ⎀āļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§, āļŊāˇāļš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎄⎔āļ­āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģ⎀āļŊ āļĸ⎓⎀āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģ 500 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļē āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āˇ āļēāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ­āļģ⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļšāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āˇ€āˇš. āļ‰āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģ 31 āļšāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 10 āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āˇ– āļ¸āˇ™āļœāˇ-āļąāļœāļģ (megacities) ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļŊāˇāļš āˇ€āˇ™āˇ…āļŗāˇāļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 90 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļœāļŊāˇ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āļąāļœāļģ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇāļē. āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¯āˇāļš āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļļāļŊāļšāˇāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇāļē⎒ āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎚. āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē (WSWS) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€, āļ āˇ“āļąāļē, āļŊāļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļēāļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļœāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ “āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇāļąâ€ āļ‡āļ­.

2020 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 17.5āļš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ ⎀⎖ ⎂⎙āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇŠ (Shenzhen) āļąāļœāļģāļē, āļąāˇāļœāļģ⎒āļš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ ⎂⎐āļ‚⎄āļē⎒ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āļąāļœāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē⎚ āļ­āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’āļ¸ āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āļąāļœāļģāļē āˇ€āˇš.

⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎓āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒⎄⎙āļą āļĸ⎓⎀āļą āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļļ⎒āļēāļšāļģ⎔ āļ¯āˇ–⎂āļĢāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°, āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļšāˇ”āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ‡āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ– āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļœāˇāļ§āļŊ⎔⎀ āļšāļģ⎅⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļ‘āļē⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚, āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ” āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē āļļ⎒āļŗ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āˇāļēāļ­āļąāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļēāļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ–, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļąāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļŊāˇāļš āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē ⎀āļą āˇ„āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇš. ⎁āļ­āˇ€āļģāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļš āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎒⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļˇāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎓ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇāˇāļ›āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ´ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļē ⎀āļģāļ¯āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“, ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎖ āļ¯āˇ“āļģ⎊āļ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļšāˇāļŊāļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇ’.

āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, “āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āļēāļąāˇŠ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļē.” āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļąāļēāˇ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, 1940 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ„āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļēāļĨāļēāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē:

“āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒ āļļāļŊāļą āļšāļŊ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ€ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš ⎀āļģāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļģāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš; āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļēāļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇāļą āļœāˇ’āļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģāļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇ’āļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļšāˇāļ´āļē ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļē.”

āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’, 1940

āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎀āļģāļē⎙āļšāˇ” ⎄⎒āļŗāˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, āļ­āļ¸ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąāˇāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇāļŊ āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ€āļģāˇ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļēāļą āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ āļ¸, āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļļ⎒āļ¯āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļąāˇœāļļ⎒āļŗāˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āˇƒāˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļēāļšāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļļāˇāļ°āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇš ⎀⎔⎀āļ¯, ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇāļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āˇ„āˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāļļāļŊāˇ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 28 āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē⎒āļš āļ¸āļŸāļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē āļšāˇ… ‘āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē’ (World Socialist Web Site) āļ…āļ´ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ‹āļģ⎔āļ¸āļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļąāˇœāļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļāļ§ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ“ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚, “āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļŊ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇāļąāļē” (IWA-RFC) āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļœāˇāļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ’āļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ§āļąāļ§ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ’āˇ€āˇāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, āļļāļŊāļē āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇāˇāļŊāˇ, ⎀⎐āļŠāļļ⎒āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. 

⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš (ICFI) āļ¸āļŸāļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą â€œāˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāˇâ€ (IYSSE) ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē, āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļ´āļģāļ´āˇ”āļģ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āļą āļœāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļē⎒; āļ‘āļē ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ°āˇ›āļģ⎊āļēāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ⎀āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒; āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāļģāļē⎒.

⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ (ICFI) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ Socialism AI (āļ†āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āˇ’āļ­ āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸) āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē 2025 āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇœāˇ„āˇœāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇāļ­āˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’⎅⎒āļŗāˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ˜āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ¸ āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē (AI) āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ­āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļē⎚ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļˇāˇ€āļē āļ‹āļ´āļēāˇāļœāˇ“ āļšāļģ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.

⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āļģāˇāļĸāļē āļšāļģ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇš āļ…āļąāˇāļœāļ­āļē āˇƒāˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļŊāˇāļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āļšāļģāˇāļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļœāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, ⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇāļą āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇ’āļœāļ¸āļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‘⎅āļšāˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓⎀ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļļāļŊ āļ‡āļąāˇ’⎀āļŊ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ, āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. ICE (āļ†āļœāļ¸āļą āˇ„āˇ āļģ⎚āļœāˇ” āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ’āļšāļšāļē) āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯, āļ´āˇ’āļšāļ§āˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāļŊ⎒⎀āļŊ āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯, ⎃āļģāˇƒāˇ€āˇ’ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļĸāļąāˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀āļą āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļēāļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ“āļ¯āˇ’ āļļ⎐⎃ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļēāˇāļ§ āļ¯ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļą āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āļąāˇœāˇ€, ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇšāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļą āļļ⎐āļąāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇšāļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāļē⎒.

āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģ āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļē⎒: āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­ āļēāļąāˇ” āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļāˇāļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļą āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļē⎒. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļļ⎐āļąāļģāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļļ⎐āļąāļģāļēāļē⎒. āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļ¸āˇ”: āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļģāļ§āļšāļ¸ āˇ„āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇāˇāļ›āˇ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļœāļąāˇ”! ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ…āļ­āļ§ āļœāļąāˇ”! āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āļšāļģāˇ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ§ āļēāļąāˇ”!

(āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒.)

āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē Read More Âģ

Trump

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļą āļ­āˇāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠāļšāˇ”āļšāļģ⎔āļ§ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀⎙āļē⎒: āļ´āˇāļą āļąāļœāˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔

āļĸāˇāˇ‚āˇ†āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇāˇšāļģ⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. 

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 27 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€œGunman charged with attempted assassination of Trump: The political issues” āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāˇ‚āˇ†āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇāˇšāļģ⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒. 

Trump
2026 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 25 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇāļ¯āˇ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ”⎀āļģ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļˇāˇāļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļē āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ, āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ€ āˇāˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ­ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļ¸āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āļ§ āļģ⎐āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļģāˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ”āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔⎀ ⎀āļ§ āļšāļģ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē . [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē/āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļąāˇŠ]”

āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇāļ¯āˇ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ€āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ­āˇœāļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ­āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’āļšāˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎀⎖ 31 ⎄⎐⎀⎒āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊ⎊ āļ§āˇœāļ¸āˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āļŊāļąāˇŠ (Cole Tomas Allen) āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ”⎄⎔ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļšāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯ āˇ„āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊āļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ‡āļŊāļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļąāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎄⎔ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ™āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļē. āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāˇ…āļ¯, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē. ⎃āļ¯āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ‡āļŊāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļąāļŠāˇ” āļ´āˇ€āļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļ¯āļŦ⎔⎀āļ¸āˇŠ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎒āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļēāˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ­āˇāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇāˇ€āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš.

āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ™āļ­āˇ’. āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎀⎐āļŠāļšāļģāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§ āˇ„āˇ”āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļœāˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāˇāļœāˇš āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļšāˇ™āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ”āˇ€āļ¯, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎔⎀āļ¯, āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļąāļ­āļ¸ āļœāˇāļ§āļŊ⎔⎀ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļē⎒. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļšāļēāˇāļœāˇš āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļē āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āļ­āļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļ‚⎀āļŠāˇ” āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ¯āˇ’āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāļ§ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ´āļēāˇ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ”⎄āļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎒āļēāļœāˇ”āļŊ⎔āļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§āļ¸ āļ†āˇ€āˇšāļĢ⎒āļš āˇ€āˇ– āļ¸āˇāļŠāļšāļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­āˇ’ ⎃⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļŊ⎚ āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļģ āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒āļēāļš āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎙āļą āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļē⎒.

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ āļģ⎒āļ­āˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠāļ¯ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ´āļ­āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‰āļŠāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­” āļēāļą āļ´āˇ–āļĸāļąāˇ“āļē āļ´āˇāļ¨āļē āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ‹āļ´āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ…āļ­āļģāļ¸, ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ­āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļģāļĸāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļ’ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎒.

āļ‡āļ­āˇāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļļāļŠ āļ¯āļŸāļŊ⎀āļē⎒. āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ…āļœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļĸāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ™āļ­āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ„āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎙āļąāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‰āļŠāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­” āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇ’. āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļą āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļš āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āļē. āļœāļ­āˇāļąāˇ”āļœāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ‡āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļ‘āļ¸ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŊ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ 75,000āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļŊ⎙āļļāļąāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ, āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļļ⎔āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ” āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē… āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē” āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇ’. āļ”⎄⎔ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚, “āļ¸āļ¸ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ§ āļ¸āļœāˇš āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ€āˇ” āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇ’. āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāˇāļąāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ… āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎀āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāļ§ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ “āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē” āļēāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇ’; āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļšāļ§ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’.

āļ‘āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ¸, ‘āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ‰āļŠāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇāļšāˇ€āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē’ āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ“āļē āļ…āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļąāļģ⎚āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‰āļ­āˇāļŊ⎒ āļ…āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļĸ⎒āļēāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļŊāˇāļąāˇ’ āļ¯ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚, ‘āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ” āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇ›āļģāļēāļšāļ§ āļ‰āļŠāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒. ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ…āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ ⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ‹āļ´āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļē⎒. 

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āˇ„āˇ€āˇ”āˇƒāˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļēāļš āˇ„āļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļĸāˇ™āˇ†āˇŠāļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…⎀⎔āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”” āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļģ⎓āļ­āļģ āļąāˇāļēāļš āļ…āļēāļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ›āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇ’ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇ™āˇ†āˇŠāļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚, āļ›āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇ’ “āļąāļģāļš āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎙āļšāˇ”” āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļœāˇāļą āļ­āļ¸āˇ “āļšāļŗāˇ”⎅⎔ ⎃āļŊāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāˇāļ­āˇ’” āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ ⎀āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒. 

āļ…āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ¯ āļ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“ . āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš (DSA) āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ¸āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļąāˇ’āļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļšāˇ€ ⎀āļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. āļ”⎄⎔ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’” āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ “āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ…āļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­āˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāļ­āˇ”āļ§āˇ” ⎀āļą” āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļē. āļļāļģ⎊āļąāˇ’ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļšāˇŠ āļģāļŗāˇ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļšāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļļ⎒āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ­āļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē āļēāļą āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­” āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ”⎄⎔ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļļ⎒āļēāļœāˇ”āļŊ⎔āļšāļ¸āļšāˇŠ” āļļ⎀āļē⎒ .

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļģāļ¯āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇš āļąāˇāļ­.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŊāļšāˇ āļļāļŊāļąāˇŠāļą:

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€, 2026 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊: “āļ…āļ¯ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇāļ āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇ ⎀⎓ āļēāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­, āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļēāļŽāˇ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇŠāļąāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎙āļąāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇāļ¸āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇāļ­, āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ§ āļ‘āļē āļ‘āˇƒāˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.”

āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“: “āˇ„āˇāļ¸āˇ”āˇƒāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ ‘āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­’ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ…āˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļ¯āˇ”āļŊ⎒ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āļļāļŊāˇāļœāˇāļģ, āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ ⎅⎒āļ‚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ›āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ–āļ´āļ­ (āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇ„āļģ ⎀⎒āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļŊ⎀āļĢ⎄āļģāļĢ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’!) āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇ āļšāļģ āļ¯āļ¸āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļœāļ­ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļģ ‘āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ“ā āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļ¸āˇ”.”

āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇāļą (2026 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊): “āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļēāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļœ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļŊ⎜āļšāˇ”āļ¸ āˇƒāļ­āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļģ⎐āļŠāˇ’āļšāļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“, āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē āļ…āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļē⎒!”

āļ¸āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē āļĸāˇāˇ€āˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, 2022 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇƒāļ¯āˇ“:  “āļ¸āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļŊ⎙⎀⎒ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āˇƒāˇš āļ…āļŊ⎙⎀⎒ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļēāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļ§āļ¸, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļšāˇ”āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāļĢ āļ¯āļŦ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļ¸āˇ”.”

āļ‘āˇƒāˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇ” āļ¸āļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, 2023 ⎃⎐āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇƒāļ¯āˇ“: “āļ‰āļ­āˇ ⎃āļģāļŊ⎀ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ”āļļ āļēāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗāˇƒāˇāļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āˇ€āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āļ”āļļ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āˇ…āļŗāˇƒāˇāļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ€ āļēāļąāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸāļ¸ āļ”āļļāļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇāļē⎒ āļ”āļļāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­!”

āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ–⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, 2020 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¸āˇƒāļ¯āˇ“: “āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§, ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇš.” 

āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎚ āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, 2017 āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ āļ¸āˇƒāļ¯āˇ“: “āļšāļģ⎔āļĢāˇāļšāļģ āļ•āļąāˇ‘⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļšāˇāļģ⎔āļĢ⎒āļš (āļ¸āˇ˜āļ¯āˇ”) āļąāˇœāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļą.” 

āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļ‘āļšāļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇ„āˇ’āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇāļŊ⎊ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠ (RenÊe Nicole Good) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’ (Alex Pretti) āļēāļą āļ…āļēāļœāˇš āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģ āļšāļŽāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, ⎃⎊āļ§āˇ“⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊāļģ⎊ (Steven Miller) ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļšāˇ˛āļģāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļšāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļąāˇāļ‚⎀⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇāļē⎒ āļļ⎒āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´āˇœāˇ„āˇœāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļļ⎒āļēāļœāˇ”āļŊ⎔ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄⎀⎔āļŊ⎊āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎒āļ´āļļ⎊āļŊ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļšāˇ€ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āˇāļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒. āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ‹āļ´āļēāˇāļœāˇ“ āļšāļģāļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ “āļģ⎐āļŠāˇ’āļšāļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē” āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āļ§āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ “āļ…āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ‹āļ´āļšāļģāļĢ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļļāļŊāļ­āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ…⎄.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸, āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ (WHCA) āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļˇāˇāļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‹āˇƒāˇ”⎅⎔ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ” āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ, āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļšāˇāļŊāļē⎚ āļģ⎖āļ´āˇ€āˇāˇ„⎒āļąāˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļą āļĸ⎒āļ¸āˇ“ āļšāˇ’āļ¸āˇ™āļŊāˇŠāˇ€ (Jimmy Kimmel) â€œāˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ„ āļšāļģāļąâ€ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ABC āļąāˇāļŊ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļģ⎒āļ´āļļ⎊āļŊ⎒āļšāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļš āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ”⎄⎔ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļē.

āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇāļģ⎜āļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎓⎀⎒āļ§āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āˇāļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎖āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāˇāļē. “āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇāļą āļąāļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš [āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ] āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ†āļ°āˇāļģāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļēāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇ’,” āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļ‡āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇāļē. āļ‡āļē āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎚ āļ­āˇšāļģ⎓ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇāļē.

āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļēāˇ āļąāˇ’āļģāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇƒāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎄⎔⎀ ⎄⎒āļ§āˇŠāļŊāļģ⎊āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āˇƒāˇ’āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļļ⎀ āļŊ⎓⎀⎒āļ§āˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‡āļē â€œāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎛āļģ⎓ ⎃āļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ˜āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠâ€’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄⎐āļŗāˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āļ¯āˇ™āļē āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇāļē. āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ āļą āļēāļąāˇ” āļ‘āļšāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļš â€œāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠâ€ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļļ⎄⎔āļ­āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļšāļē⎙āļąāˇ’. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎓⎂⎒āļēāˇ āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ’. āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇāļšāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āļą āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāļąāļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ 2021 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 6 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸; āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„ āļāˇāļ­āļą āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢ; āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļē⎒āļŊ⎊ āļģ⎒āļ§āļąāˇŠāˇ„āˇ€āˇ”āˇƒāˇŠ (Kyle Rittenhouse) ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āļ‹āļ¯āˇāˇ„āļģāļĢ āˇ€āˇš. āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§, ⎆⎙āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļ‡āļœāļē⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ´āļģ⎊āļēāˇšāˇ‚āļĢ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļą āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļļ⎀āļē⎒. 

āļ‘āˇƒāˇšāļ¸, āļšāˇāļŊ⎊ āļ­āˇāļ¸āˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āļŊāļąāˇŠ (Cole Tomas Allen) ⎄āļ§ āļ†āļģāˇāļ´āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļēāļ¸āˇŠāļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāˇŠ ‘āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļģāļšāļēāļšāˇŠ’ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎊āļŊāļ§āļ¸ āˇ€āļŠāˇ, āļ‘āˇƒāˇš ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš  āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļļ⎑ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļšāˇŠ āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎔⎄āļē āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļē. āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļ´āļē ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎙āļąāļ­āļšāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāļŊāļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇƒāļģāļĢāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇ„āˇāļŸāˇ“āļ¸ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļāļŊāˇāļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖, āļ…āļ¯āˇ–āļģāļ¯āļģāˇŠāˇāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļē⎒.

āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļąāˇœāˇ€, ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļš, āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇ–⎄⎒āļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļļāļŊāˇāļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļšāļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ ⎃āļŊāˇƒāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļē. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§, āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļļ⎒⎄⎒ āļšāļģāļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļąāˇ€ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļœāļąāˇ”āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ” āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ (⎄⎙⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē) āļēāļąāˇ” āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļšāˇāļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ¯ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļąāˇ€ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚, āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļēāļ§āļ¸ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāļē āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒.

(āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒.)

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļą āļ­āˇāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠāļšāˇ”āļšāļģ⎔āļ§ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀⎙āļē⎒: āļ´āˇāļą āļąāļœāˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ Read More Âģ

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⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§, āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāˇāļŊ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ”! 

WSWS āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˛ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. 

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 01 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą  “Join the May Day Online Rally! For Socialism! Against war, genocide and fascism!” āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ WSWS āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˛ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒. 

āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ”āļąāˇŠāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļēāļ§ āļŊ⎒āļēāˇāļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’ ⎀⎓ āļ‘āļē āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’, thesocialist.lk āˇ„āˇ SLLA āļ”āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ¸āˇ”. 

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2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 24 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¸āˇ™āļŊ⎊āļļāļģ⎊āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎒ ⎀⎒āļšāˇŠāļ§āˇāļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļœāˇ”āļģ⎔⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇŠ

āļ…āļ¯, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ’āļ­āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē ⎀āļą āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļēāļē⎒. ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš 13 ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ’āļš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāˇāļŊ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē āļ…āļ¯ āļ´āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎔ 3:00 āļ§ (EDT āˇ€āˇšāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ) āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇš. ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇāļ§ āļŊ⎒āļēāˇāļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’ ⎀⎓ āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ†āļģāˇāļ°āļąāˇ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. 

āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļĨāˇāļąāļē āļ…āļ­āˇ”āļœāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§āļ­āˇŠ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­. ⎃⎐āļļ⎀⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē āļļ⎒⎄⎒ ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļē.

āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ‘āļšāˇƒāˇ’āļē ⎄āļ­āˇ…⎒⎄āļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, 1886 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 1 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇāļē āļ…āļ§āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ¸āˇ”āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ–āˇ„. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ āˇ’āļšāˇāļœāˇ āļąāļœāļģāļēāļē⎒; āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ 80,000āļšāˇŠ āļŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎖⎄. āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 4 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇš, āˇ„āˇšāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļšāļ§āˇŠ āļ āļ­āˇ”āļģāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ (Haymarket Square) āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļœāˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖⎄. 

āļ āˇ’āļšāˇāļœāˇāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē āļ‹āļ´āļēāˇāļœāˇ“ āļšāļģāļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ āˇ’āļšāˇāļœāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ (witchhunt) āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…⎄. āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļŽāˇ’āļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ” āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļēāļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ…āļ‚⎁⎔āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ āˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎔⎀āļ¯, āļ…āļģāˇāļĸ⎒āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ§ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ…āļŠāļ‚āļœāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą, āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āļąāˇ›āļ­āˇ’āļš āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎖ āļ…⎀āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļąāļŠāˇ” ⎀⎒āļˇāˇāļœāļēāļšāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. 1887 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 11 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą,  āļ”āļœāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļ´āļēāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ (August Spies), āļ‡āļŠāˇœāļŊāˇŠāˇ†āˇŠ ⎆⎒⎂āļģ⎊ (Adolph Fischer), āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļĸ⎊ āļ‘āļ‚āļœāļŊ⎊ (George Engel) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļŊ⎊āļļāļ§āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļģ⎊⎃āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ (Albert Parsons) āļēāļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļē⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎖ āļŊ⎔⎀⎓ āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇŠ (Louis Lingg), āˇƒāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļģāļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļ¯āˇ’⎀⎒ āļąāˇƒāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇœāˇ…āļšāˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“.

āˇ„āˇšāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļšāļ§āˇŠ (Haymarket) ⎄⎓āļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇ’⎀⎒ āļ´āˇ’āļ¯āˇ–⎀āļąāˇŠ 

āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļ´āˇ–āļĸāˇ āļšāˇ… āļ’ āļ‹āļ¯āˇāļģ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇ™āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀⎐⎅āļŗ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē. āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ 1889 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇšāļŊāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļš āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇāļē āļ…āļ§āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ¸āˇ”āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļāˇāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 1 ⎀āļąāļ¯āˇ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎒āļē. āļ‘āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 1 ⎀āļąāļ¯āˇ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎃āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē.

āļ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļē āļ…āļ§āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§, āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇāļ āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇ’. ⎃⎐āļļ⎀⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ¯ āļēāļ­āˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļšāļ¸ āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ´āˇāļē āļ…āļ§āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē āļ´āˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ„⎐āļģ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­. AFL-CIO ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€ ‘āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇāļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē’ (May Day Strong) ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ€ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ, āļœāļļāļŠāˇāˇ€āļŊ, āļģāˇāˇ„āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ, āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇāˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ´āˇāļē 10, 12 āˇƒāˇ„ 14 ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ¯āˇ“āļģ⎊āļ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ¸āˇ”āļģāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļŗāˇ’āļ­āˇ’.

āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē ⎃⎐āļ¸āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļēāļąāˇ” āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§, āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ‘āļšāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ”⎀ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ ⎃āļ§āļą āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ–āˇ€āļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ‘āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇāļ´ āˇ€āˇ– āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļēāļšāˇ’. āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ 1918 āļ¯āˇ“ āļŊ⎒āļēāˇ āļ­āˇāļļāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚, “āļ‘āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļāˇāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ¯āˇ’āˇāˇāļąāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ°āļą āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ§ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļ’āļšāļģāˇāˇāˇ“ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āˇƒāļšāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸â€ āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸, āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āļ­āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ– āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘āļē ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļēāļē⎒.

āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ€ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ„āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą, ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš (ICFI) āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ’āļš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāˇāļŊ āļģ⎐⎅⎒ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇāļģ⎒ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļąāļē. āļ¸āˇšāˇ€āˇ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āļąāˇ”āļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇāļģāˇŠāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļą āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļģ⎐āļŠāˇ’āļšāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­.

2014 āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļŽāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāˇāļŊ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģ⎐⎅⎒ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ´āļģ⎃⎊āļ´āļģ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļ…āļŊ⎔āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ, āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļœāļēāˇ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāˇ āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­. āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ…āļąāˇāļœāļ­āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎒āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’  āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš; āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇ„⎐āļģ⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ­āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ ⎀⎖ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļē⎒. 

āļ‘āļšāˇ’āļąāˇ™āļšāļ§ āļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ– āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āˇ€āˇš. āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎐āļąāˇŠāļą āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸāļ¸ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāˇ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļ…āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ­āˇŠ āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ‹āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē āļ¯āļšāˇŠāļąāļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļē; āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš (oligarchs) āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļēāˇ ⎀āļą āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļˇāˇ“⎂āļĢāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ†āļœāļ¸āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļœāļ¸āļą āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ ⎄āļģ⎒āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē ⎀āļ§āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎒.

āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļą āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļą āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ§āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§, āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļšāˇ€ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļšāļŽāˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē, āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁āļē, āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē, āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€, āļ•āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€, āļąāˇ€āˇƒāˇ“āļŊāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē, āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎊āļšāˇ’āļē, āļļāˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇ“āļŊāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļēāļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš (ICFI) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ„āļē āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļą āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­; āļ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē⎚ (IYSSE) āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļŊ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇāļąāļē⎚ (IWA-RFC) āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯ āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ…⎀āļ­āˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļšāˇŠ ⎃⎜āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ­āˇāļ´āˇāļŊ⎊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇāļ§āļģ⎊ āļģāļŽ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ, āļœāˇ”āļģ⎔⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ, ⎀āļģāˇāļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āˇ„āˇ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔⎀āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ…āļģ⎊āļŽāļē; āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāˇ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģ⎖āļ´āļēāļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸; āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎀ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” ⎃⎐āļ¸āļģ⎔āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē⎀ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē āļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ ⎃āļ§āļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠāļ¸ wsws.org/mayday ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāˇāļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļą. āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļē āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āˇ€āˇšāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎔ 3:00 āļ§ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇš. āļ”āļļāļœāˇš ⎃āļ¸-āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ”āļģāļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ”āļģāļąāˇŠ āļ’āļšāļģāˇāˇāˇ“ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļą. āļ…āļ¯, 2026 āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 1 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ”āļļāļœāˇš ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļą.

(āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒.)

⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§, āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāˇāļŊ āļģ⎐⎅⎒āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ”!  Read More Âģ

Economic crisis

⎅āļŸāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ…⎀āļ´āˇāļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļšāˇŠ ? YouTube Podcast

The Socialist World.


āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļē⎙āļą āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎑āļ¸āļšāˇŠ (downturn āļ‘āļšāļšāˇŠ) āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļēāļ¯āˇ āļ­āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.  āļ§āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļģāˇāļąāļē āˇ„āˇ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚  āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļē⎙āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļģ⎊āļˇāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ­āˇāļļ⎔⎀āļœāˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¯?  āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇŠāļšāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āļ‘āļš āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļšāˇ™āļ§āˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļšāˇ€āļ¸ IMF āļ‘āļšāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāļ¸ (World Economic Outlook āļ‘āļš) āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļē⎓āļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāˇ€ (Global Financial Stability report) āļēāļąÂ  āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļŽāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ, āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎙ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšÂ  āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļš āļąāˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļļ⎓āļ¸āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļą āļ¯ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļąāļē⎒. 

āļ¸āˇš āļ āˇāļąāļŊāļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļ†āˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļģ⎊āļˇāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎙ āļ­āļļāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ†āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļœ āˇ€āˇ’āļˇāˇāļœ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎚.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇ”āļ¸ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ ⎄āļģ⎒āļąāˇŠāļą. āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļą. 

⎅āļŸāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļŊāˇāļš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ…⎀āļ´āˇāļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļšāˇŠ ? YouTube Podcast Read More Âģ

Trump

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 4 April 2026

This political report for the week of March 29—April 04, 2026, is compiled by thesocialist.lk based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS).

Trump
President Donald Trump arrives from the Blue Room to speak about the Iran war from the Cross Hall of the White House on Wednesday, April 1, 2026, in Washington. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, Pool) [AP Photo]

I. Imperialist War on Iran: Escalation Toward Regional Catastrophe

The defining development of the week was the accelerating and increasingly catastrophic US-Israeli war on Iran, now entering its fifth week. On 31 March, as thousands of Marines, paratroopers and additional ground forces arrived in the Gulf region and B-52 bombing missions commenced, President Trump threatened publicly to “obliterate” Iran’s electric grid, oil wells, desalination plants and bridges—in his own words, to bring the country “back to the Stone Ages.” The systematic assassination of Iran’s political and military leadership, the destruction of over 61,000 homes, 500 schools, and the killing of more than 6,500 civilians confirm the criminal and genocidal character of this war of aggression.[1]

The escalation reached a new threshold on 4 April, when Iranian forces shot down a US F-15E and an A-10 aircraft, prompting US special forces to conduct a rescue operation inside Iranian territory. The incident took place alongside massive military deployments—Marines, airborne brigades and three carrier strike groups—signalling preparations for a possible ground invasion.[2] The unspoken strategic aim of the war, as WSWS analysis made clear, extends beyond Iran: the US seeks to strangle China’s access to Gulf oil and shipping routes, targeting Beijing’s economic foundations as part of its broader drive for global hegemony.[3]

The imperialist alliance showed signs of fracture. Italy denied US access to its Sigonella air base, citing parliamentary procedural requirements—a reflection of domestic anti-war mass sentiment threatening the Meloni government. Britain convened a forty-nation virtual summit on the Strait of Hormuz crisis amid a public breakdown of relations with Washington, as European powers confronted both the economic panic of closed shipping lanes and their own inability to act independently. These manoeuvres are tactical, not pacifist: all European powers remain integrated into the structures of US military imperialism and are accelerating their own rearmament programmes.

The war’s economic reverberations struck Asian economies with a double blow: surging oil prices and currency falls against the dollar, producing capital outflows, inflationary pressure and stock market declines. India, New Zealand, and smaller economies across Asia-Pacific confronted severe social disruption. Australia, meanwhile, was exposed as an active participant. The Albanese Labor government—while publicly denying any ground involvement—secretly deployed approximately 90 SAS commandos to the Al Minhad Air Base in the UAE, in addition to an E-7A Wedgetail advanced battle management aircraft, 85 military personnel, air-to-air missiles, and full Pine Gap intelligence integration.[4] The government also banned some 7,000 Iranian nationals holding tourist visas from entering Australia under emergency powers—a cynical deployment of immigration policy to stoke chauvinism.

The ICFI gave powerful political expression to mass opposition. David North, chairman of the WSWS International Editorial Board, filmed a statement at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice condemning the war as a crime against peace—the same legal category established by the Nuremberg Tribunal—which rapidly spread internationally.[5] North’s subsequent book presentations in Leipzig, Berlin and Nuremberg on Where Is America Going? Fascism or Socialism? drew large, engaged audiences of students and workers, confirming the growing popular openness to socialist anti-war politics.

II. The “No Kings” Protests and the Crisis of Political Leadership

The third round of “No Kings” demonstrations on 28 March drew an estimated eight million people across the United States in what was the largest single-day protest in American history. Rallies in over 3,300 locations—including 350,000 in New York, 200,000 in Chicago, and 180,000 in Boston—expressed deep popular opposition to the Trump administration’s drive toward dictatorship and war. Sixty-two percent of Americans “strongly oppose” sending ground troops to Iran. No war in American history has been so unpopular at its outset.[6]

The WSWS drew the essential political lessons: the scale of mass opposition stands in sharp contrast to the absence of independent working-class leadership. Democratic Party politicians and union officials systematically downplayed or ignored the war at the rallies, channelling the movement into electoral remedies. AFT President Randi Weingarten captured the Democratic programme in a single phrase: “No kings today and we vote in November.” David North was physically barred from speaking at the Nuremberg rally by Democratic Party operatives who refused to allow any condemnation of the Iran war. The Democratic Party, which funded the war with its $839 billion defence budget vote, serves not as an opponent of Trump but as his enabler. Any subordination of the mass movement to the Democratic Party will prove fatal to the struggle against fascism and war.

III. Trump’s War Budget: Social Counter-Revolution to Finance World War

On 4 April, the Trump administration unveiled its FY2027 budget blueprint—a document of historic class significance. The White House sought congressional approval for approximately $1.5 trillion for military spending, a 40 percent increase over already record Pentagon allocations, to be financed by sweeping cuts to Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, childcare and domestic agencies.[7] Trump made the class logic explicit at a White House Easter lunch, declaring that the government could not afford daycare, Medicare or Medicaid because it “needed the money to wage war”—dismissing these programs as “little scams.” This is a blueprint for financing world war through social counter-revolution at home.

The structural financial system fragility that will carry this burden was laid bare in a major WSWS analysis on 31 March. Financial markets showed growing instability as the war entered its fifth week: the S&P 500 had fallen 7 percent for the month, with both the NASDAQ and Dow in correction territory. Bond yields spiked. A Bank of America survey of global fund managers found 63 percent identified private equity and private credit as the most likely source of a systemic financial event, echoing pre-2008 alarms. The war is not a market disruption but the accelerant of a structural crisis rooted in overleveraged finance, speculative bubbles and military expenditures that will be paid by the working class through austerity and inflation.[8]

Pete Hegseth’s financial advisor was exposed by the Financial Times as having placed roughly $9.4 million into defence contractors and ETFs in the weeks immediately before the opening strikes on Iran—positions that surged approximately 38 percent after the war began. The Pentagon replied with denials and threats rather than disclosures. The episode confirms that imperialist war is simultaneously a vehicle for private enrichment and a fusion of state, military and finance capital that expresses the rotten, criminal character of capitalist rule.[9]

IV. Authoritarian Consolidation and the Attack on Democratic Rights

The Trump administration’s domestic authoritarian consolidation proceeded in parallel with the war. Armed ICE officers were deployed to airports nationwide following the DHS funding crisis; congressional action by both parties moved to fund DHS components while excluding any meaningful restraint on ICE or Border Patrol. The deployment—facilitating data-sharing with TSA and normalising armed federal agents in civilian settings—represents a rehearsal for the broader militarisation of domestic policing. Trump also advanced measures to restrict citizenship and voting rights, framing these as wartime national security necessities.

The criminalisation of political dissent intensified. In Britain, Palestine solidarity activists Ben Jamal and Chris Nineham were convicted in prosecutions that fit a wider state campaign to suppress anti-genocide protest. In the United States, the assassination plot against Palestinian activist Nerdeen Kiswani—a New Jersey man affiliated with a JDL-type network who plotted to firebomb her home—was directly connected to months of coordinated harassment, bounties and public incitement by extremist Zionist organisations, conducted in an atmosphere of state-cultivated impunity for political violence.[10] A Chinese postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan took his own life after interrogation by federal agents, in a pattern of xenophobic prosecution and harassment of Chinese scholars that weaponises racism and criminalises scientific collaboration.

In Canada, the Carney Liberal government appealed to the Supreme Court to reverse lower court rulings that had found the 2022 invocation of the Emergencies Act—including the freezing of bank accounts—unconstitutional. The appeal is a class political move to preserve a permanent toolkit for suppressing mass dissent. Germany’s SPD Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil unveiled an “Agenda”-style programme attacking pensions, welfare and labour protections, echoing SchrÃļder’s Agenda 2010, coordinated with Chancellor Merz to finance rearmament through social cuts. The SPD, historically presented as a workers’ party, acts openly as an instrument of capitalist restructuring and militarism.

V. Class Struggle: Rank-and-File Rebellion and Bureaucratic Containment

The most significant labour development of the week was the 96.2 percent rejection by Nexteer auto parts workers in Saginaw, Michigan, of a UAW-backed concessions contract that would establish a “third class” wage tier at $19.05/hour for new hires, expand two-tier pay, and raise healthcare costs.[11] The 1,300 workers produce steering systems for the Chevrolet Silverado, GMC Sierra, Ford F-150 and Dodge Ram—occupying a strategic node in the global supply chain. UAW presidential candidate Will Lehman called for the immediate formation of a Nexteer rank-and-file committee, strike preparation, and solidarity from Big Three assembly workers refusing to handle scab parts.[12]

Separately, approximately 150 workers at Freudenberg-NOK in Findlay, Ohio, struck for higher wages and healthcare after UAW Local 1327 talks collapsed. The plant supplies GM, Ford and Stellantis; workers hold strategic leverage to disrupt assembly chains. The UAW bureaucracy failed to organise wider support.

The Bath Iron Works naval shipyard strike—engineers and designers at a key destroyer manufacturer—was shut down by the UAW bureaucracy, which ratified a multi-year contract while framing concessions as patriotic necessity. The Teamsters pre-empted a threatened strike by 6,000 DHL workers with a last-minute tentative agreement offering a nominal 20 percent wage rise over four years, while leaving automation and precarious conditions largely intact. Germany’s IGBCE union concluded chemical industry bargaining that freezes wages for nine months and delivers only 2.1–2.4 percent nominal increases from 2027—a real wage cut amid ongoing mass layoffs. Workers’ Struggles roundups documented rising industrial unrest across Asia, Australia and the Americas, reflecting the objective deterioration of living standards under the inflationary impact of the war.

The pattern across all these disputes is identical: workers display readiness and leverage; union bureaucracies act as industrial stabilisers for capital, containing struggles, brokering sellouts and subordinating workers to war production and corporate profit. The formation of democratically controlled rank-and-file committees, independent of the apparatus, is the central organisational task.

VI. The Bankruptcy of Pseudo-Left Reformism

The week furnished further evidence of the political bankruptcy of pseudo-left formations internationally. In Canada, Avi Lewis won the NDP leadership on a “left populist” platform promising to “fight the billionaire class”—while supporting NATO policy on Ukraine and intending to cooperate with right-wing provincial NDP governments, leaving capitalist property relations intact.[13] The NDP’s historical function is to contain working-class struggle within parliamentary reformism and union bureaucratic control; Lewis’ victory will channel worker unrest into parliamentary illusion.

In Mexico, the Movement of Socialist Workers (MTS) and allied organisations channelled a growing strike wave into support for US-backed “independent” unions rather than independent rank-and-file organisation, functioning as a pseudo-left cover for pro-imperialist union apparatuses. In Sri Lanka, major Tamil bourgeois parties either tacitly supported or remained silent on the US-Israeli assault on Iran, consistent with their long record of appeals to imperialist powers rather than mobilising working-class struggle.[14] In Turkey, a joint statement by eleven parties calling for “peace and democracy” avoided any principled opposition to US-Israeli aggression—pacifist opportunism that channels workers into elite mediation rather than independent class struggle.

Summation 

The week’s developments reveal, with exceptional clarity, the single political reality confronting the international working class: capitalism in crisis is driving imperialist war, social counter-revolution and authoritarian consolidation simultaneously. The Trump administration’s genocidal war on Iran, its $1.5 trillion war budget financed by gutting social programmes, the mass criminalisation of dissent, and the parallel militarisation of European and Australian capitalism—these are not aberrations but expressions of a system in mortal crisis.

The mass anti-war sentiment expressed in the “No Kings” protests of 28 March, the historic rejection of the Nexteer sellout, the strikes spreading across multiple continents—all reflect the objective conditions for the development of a powerful working-class movement. But the decisive question is that of political leadership. Social democratic parties (SPD, Labor), pseudo-left formations (NDP, MTS, DSA), and trade union bureaucracies act uniformly to contain and betray this movement. Only the building of rank-and-file committees, independent of the apparatus, linked internationally through the IWA-RFC, and guided by the programme of the ICFI, can transform the growing mass opposition into the political force required to end imperialist war and the capitalist system that produces it.

Footnotes

[1] Trump threatens “obliteration” of Iran as ground troops arrive in Middle East: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/31/yjdz-m31.html 

[2] US special forces rescue operation inside Iran after downing of US fighter jet: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/mmhh-a04.html 

[3] The unspoken target of Trump’s war on Iran—China: discussed in WSWS analysis, 2 April 2026.

[4] Australian Labor government secretly sends SAS to join the war against Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/rted-a04.html 

[5] David North’s Nuremberg video on the US war against Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/31/xnsx-m31.html 

[6] The March 28 “No Kings” demonstrations: The political lessons: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/30/yjug-m30.html 

[7] Trump’s plan to fund world war through social counter-revolution: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/ahuk-a04.html 

[8] Storm clouds gather over global financial system: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/31/pwll-m31.html 

[9] Hegseth insider war investments: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/01/lhdx-a01.html 

[10] Zionist assassination plot against Nerdeen Kiswani is a warning to the working class: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/01/khec-a01.html 

[11] Nexteer auto parts workers reject UAW sellout deal: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/03/mgqh-a03.html 

[12] UAW presidential candidate Will Lehman calls for support for Nexteer workers: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/qond-a04.html 

[13] “Left populist” Avi Lewis wins race to lead Canada’s NDP: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/oomo-a04.html 

[14] Sri Lankan Tamil bourgeois parties support US-Israeli war on Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/msrz-a04.html 

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 4 April 2026 Read More Âģ

Trump

Stop the impending Genocide — Before it is too late: Condemn Trump’s Threat to Annihilate Iranian Civilisation

Emergency Statement by the Editorial Board of  theSocialist.lk and the Socialist Lead of Sri Lanka and South Asia (SLLA)  

Trump
President Donald Trump speaks with reporters in the James Brady Press Briefing Room at the White House, Monday, April 6, 2026, in Washington. [AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein]

Today, 7 April 2026, US President Donald Trump posted on Truth Social: “A whole civilization will die tonight, never to be brought back again. I don’t want that to happen, but it probably will.”

This is not political bluster. This is the public declaration of genocidal intent by the head of state of the most heavily armed military power in history — a power that possesses thousands of nuclear weapons and has already been bombing Iran for forty days.

As the World Socialist Web Site stated today in its emergency perspective: “Every word Trump said implicates the government of the United States in a crime of Hitlerian proportions. He says openly what the Nazi leaders discussed behind closed doors.” Trump has already threatened to destroy every power plant, every bridge, every desalination facility — the entire infrastructure of civilised life for 93 million people. He has declared this will be accomplished “over a period of four hours.” He was asked by a reporter whether this constitutes war crimes. His answer: “No, not at all.”

Iran is the heir to one of the oldest and most profound civilisations in human history. Thousands of its civilians — including 168 children killed in a US missile strike on the Shajareh Tayyebeh girls’ school on the first day of the war — have already been slaughtered. Hospitals, universities, residential districts and schools have been systematically bombed. The logic of escalation, as the WSWS has warned, is inexorable: from intensified bombing to ground invasion, to the occupation of Iranian cities, and ultimately — in the face of mounting US casualties and military failure — to the resort to nuclear weapons.

This is not a hypothetical. This is the trajectory of a war that has been underway for forty days, escalating each week, with no serious force within the capitalist political system placing any brake upon it.

The Democratic Party of the United States — which funded the war with its own vote for the $839 billion defence budget — now calls Trump a “madman” and “unhinged.” But not a single Democrat has proposed concrete action to halt the war. They are complicit. They are terrified that any genuine mass mobilisation against the war would not stop at the war — it would raise the entire question of the distribution of wealth, the power of the financial oligarchy, and the social order both parties exist to defend.

The parliaments of Europe, the governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom — all are implicated. Australia has secretly deployed SAS commandos, Wedgetail battle-management aircraft and its Pine Gap intelligence station to the war. Britain hosts the Hormuz summit. Germany rearming. The United Nations Security Council paralysed. International law demolished.

The capitalist state system has proved, beyond any doubt, that it cannot stop this war. Only the international working class can.

theSocialist.lk and the Socialist Lead of Sri Lank and South Asia (SLLA) aligned with the International Committee of the Fourth International, calls on workers, youth and all those in opposition to this criminal war:

Strike: Workers in the United States, Britain, Australia, Germany and across the world must take immediate industrial action — in ports, airports, logistics hubs, defence manufacturing plants and transport networks — to deny the war machine the means to function. The AFL-CIO, the UAW, the TUC and every major trade union federation has maintained criminal silence. Workers must act through their rank-and-file committees, independently of the bureaucracy, to halt the flow of arms, fuel and supplies to this war.

Occupy: Workers and youth must occupy workplaces, campuses and public spaces — not to petition governments that have proven themselves servants of the war, but to assert the independent political power of the working class. The eight million who marched on 28 March in the United States alone must be transformed from a protest movement into an organised political force with a program, a strategy and a leadership.

Organise internationally:  The war on Iran is not a national question. It is a world question. Workers in Sri Lanka, workers in South Korea, workers in Japan — whose governments are cutting separate deals with Iran to secure oil supplies even as the bombs fall — must join this struggle. The IRGC’s warning that it will “deprive the US and its allies of the region’s oil and gas for years” is a measure of how close the world stands to an economic and military catastrophe of civilisational proportions. The only answer is international working-class solidarity, organised through the International Workers Alliance of Rank-and-File Committees (IWA-RFC).

Trump’s threat today must be understood for what it is: a declaration of war not merely against Iran, but against all the accumulated gains of human civilisation — against international law, against the prohibition on targeting civilian infrastructure, against the most fundamental norms of humanity that were codified after the horrors of World War II and the Nazi Holocaust. As David North stated at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice: this war meets every legal and political criterion established at the Nuremberg Trials for a “crime against peace” — the supreme international crime.

If today, 7 April 2026, becomes the date on which Iranian civilisation is destroyed, it will also be the date that the capitalist world order signs its own death warrant in the eyes of humanity. It must instead become the date on which the international working class rises to say: Not in our name. Not with our labour. Not with our silence.

The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) sections of the ICFI are organising this resistance. We call on all workers, youth and socialist-minded people in Sri Lanka, South Asia and internationally to join them.

Demand the immediate, unconditional cessation of the US-Israeli war on Iran.

Demand the withdrawal of all imperialist forces from the Middle East.

Build rank-and-file committees. Strike. Organise. Fight for socialism.

Solidarity With the people of Iran, Palestine, Lebanon, Cuba — International Working Class Unity!

Hands Off Iran — Stop Imperialist War!

No More Genocide — Stop Trump’s War Machine!

Workers’ Power Against War and Austerity!

Ports Closed to War — Workers Unite!

Not One Penny for War — Fund Hospitals, Schools, Jobs!

Imperialist and Zionist Troops Out from the Middle East!

Stop the War Criminals — Nuremberg for Imperialist Aggression!

Stop the impending Genocide — Before it is too late: Condemn Trump’s Threat to Annihilate Iranian Civilisation Read More Âģ

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