class struggles

Trump

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 4 April 2026

This political report for the week of March 29—April 04, 2026, is compiled by thesocialist.lk based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS).

Trump
President Donald Trump arrives from the Blue Room to speak about the Iran war from the Cross Hall of the White House on Wednesday, April 1, 2026, in Washington. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, Pool) [AP Photo]

I. Imperialist War on Iran: Escalation Toward Regional Catastrophe

The defining development of the week was the accelerating and increasingly catastrophic US-Israeli war on Iran, now entering its fifth week. On 31 March, as thousands of Marines, paratroopers and additional ground forces arrived in the Gulf region and B-52 bombing missions commenced, President Trump threatened publicly to “obliterate” Iran’s electric grid, oil wells, desalination plants and bridges—in his own words, to bring the country “back to the Stone Ages.” The systematic assassination of Iran’s political and military leadership, the destruction of over 61,000 homes, 500 schools, and the killing of more than 6,500 civilians confirm the criminal and genocidal character of this war of aggression.[1]

The escalation reached a new threshold on 4 April, when Iranian forces shot down a US F-15E and an A-10 aircraft, prompting US special forces to conduct a rescue operation inside Iranian territory. The incident took place alongside massive military deployments—Marines, airborne brigades and three carrier strike groups—signalling preparations for a possible ground invasion.[2] The unspoken strategic aim of the war, as WSWS analysis made clear, extends beyond Iran: the US seeks to strangle China’s access to Gulf oil and shipping routes, targeting Beijing’s economic foundations as part of its broader drive for global hegemony.[3]

The imperialist alliance showed signs of fracture. Italy denied US access to its Sigonella air base, citing parliamentary procedural requirements—a reflection of domestic anti-war mass sentiment threatening the Meloni government. Britain convened a forty-nation virtual summit on the Strait of Hormuz crisis amid a public breakdown of relations with Washington, as European powers confronted both the economic panic of closed shipping lanes and their own inability to act independently. These manoeuvres are tactical, not pacifist: all European powers remain integrated into the structures of US military imperialism and are accelerating their own rearmament programmes.

The war’s economic reverberations struck Asian economies with a double blow: surging oil prices and currency falls against the dollar, producing capital outflows, inflationary pressure and stock market declines. India, New Zealand, and smaller economies across Asia-Pacific confronted severe social disruption. Australia, meanwhile, was exposed as an active participant. The Albanese Labor government—while publicly denying any ground involvement—secretly deployed approximately 90 SAS commandos to the Al Minhad Air Base in the UAE, in addition to an E-7A Wedgetail advanced battle management aircraft, 85 military personnel, air-to-air missiles, and full Pine Gap intelligence integration.[4] The government also banned some 7,000 Iranian nationals holding tourist visas from entering Australia under emergency powers—a cynical deployment of immigration policy to stoke chauvinism.

The ICFI gave powerful political expression to mass opposition. David North, chairman of the WSWS International Editorial Board, filmed a statement at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice condemning the war as a crime against peace—the same legal category established by the Nuremberg Tribunal—which rapidly spread internationally.[5] North’s subsequent book presentations in Leipzig, Berlin and Nuremberg on Where Is America Going? Fascism or Socialism? drew large, engaged audiences of students and workers, confirming the growing popular openness to socialist anti-war politics.

II. The “No Kings” Protests and the Crisis of Political Leadership

The third round of “No Kings” demonstrations on 28 March drew an estimated eight million people across the United States in what was the largest single-day protest in American history. Rallies in over 3,300 locations—including 350,000 in New York, 200,000 in Chicago, and 180,000 in Boston—expressed deep popular opposition to the Trump administration’s drive toward dictatorship and war. Sixty-two percent of Americans “strongly oppose” sending ground troops to Iran. No war in American history has been so unpopular at its outset.[6]

The WSWS drew the essential political lessons: the scale of mass opposition stands in sharp contrast to the absence of independent working-class leadership. Democratic Party politicians and union officials systematically downplayed or ignored the war at the rallies, channelling the movement into electoral remedies. AFT President Randi Weingarten captured the Democratic programme in a single phrase: “No kings today and we vote in November.” David North was physically barred from speaking at the Nuremberg rally by Democratic Party operatives who refused to allow any condemnation of the Iran war. The Democratic Party, which funded the war with its $839 billion defence budget vote, serves not as an opponent of Trump but as his enabler. Any subordination of the mass movement to the Democratic Party will prove fatal to the struggle against fascism and war.

III. Trump’s War Budget: Social Counter-Revolution to Finance World War

On 4 April, the Trump administration unveiled its FY2027 budget blueprint—a document of historic class significance. The White House sought congressional approval for approximately $1.5 trillion for military spending, a 40 percent increase over already record Pentagon allocations, to be financed by sweeping cuts to Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, childcare and domestic agencies.[7] Trump made the class logic explicit at a White House Easter lunch, declaring that the government could not afford daycare, Medicare or Medicaid because it “needed the money to wage war”—dismissing these programs as “little scams.” This is a blueprint for financing world war through social counter-revolution at home.

The structural financial system fragility that will carry this burden was laid bare in a major WSWS analysis on 31 March. Financial markets showed growing instability as the war entered its fifth week: the S&P 500 had fallen 7 percent for the month, with both the NASDAQ and Dow in correction territory. Bond yields spiked. A Bank of America survey of global fund managers found 63 percent identified private equity and private credit as the most likely source of a systemic financial event, echoing pre-2008 alarms. The war is not a market disruption but the accelerant of a structural crisis rooted in overleveraged finance, speculative bubbles and military expenditures that will be paid by the working class through austerity and inflation.[8]

Pete Hegseth’s financial advisor was exposed by the Financial Times as having placed roughly $9.4 million into defence contractors and ETFs in the weeks immediately before the opening strikes on Iran—positions that surged approximately 38 percent after the war began. The Pentagon replied with denials and threats rather than disclosures. The episode confirms that imperialist war is simultaneously a vehicle for private enrichment and a fusion of state, military and finance capital that expresses the rotten, criminal character of capitalist rule.[9]

IV. Authoritarian Consolidation and the Attack on Democratic Rights

The Trump administration’s domestic authoritarian consolidation proceeded in parallel with the war. Armed ICE officers were deployed to airports nationwide following the DHS funding crisis; congressional action by both parties moved to fund DHS components while excluding any meaningful restraint on ICE or Border Patrol. The deployment—facilitating data-sharing with TSA and normalising armed federal agents in civilian settings—represents a rehearsal for the broader militarisation of domestic policing. Trump also advanced measures to restrict citizenship and voting rights, framing these as wartime national security necessities.

The criminalisation of political dissent intensified. In Britain, Palestine solidarity activists Ben Jamal and Chris Nineham were convicted in prosecutions that fit a wider state campaign to suppress anti-genocide protest. In the United States, the assassination plot against Palestinian activist Nerdeen Kiswani—a New Jersey man affiliated with a JDL-type network who plotted to firebomb her home—was directly connected to months of coordinated harassment, bounties and public incitement by extremist Zionist organisations, conducted in an atmosphere of state-cultivated impunity for political violence.[10] A Chinese postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan took his own life after interrogation by federal agents, in a pattern of xenophobic prosecution and harassment of Chinese scholars that weaponises racism and criminalises scientific collaboration.

In Canada, the Carney Liberal government appealed to the Supreme Court to reverse lower court rulings that had found the 2022 invocation of the Emergencies Act—including the freezing of bank accounts—unconstitutional. The appeal is a class political move to preserve a permanent toolkit for suppressing mass dissent. Germany’s SPD Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil unveiled an “Agenda”-style programme attacking pensions, welfare and labour protections, echoing SchrÃļder’s Agenda 2010, coordinated with Chancellor Merz to finance rearmament through social cuts. The SPD, historically presented as a workers’ party, acts openly as an instrument of capitalist restructuring and militarism.

V. Class Struggle: Rank-and-File Rebellion and Bureaucratic Containment

The most significant labour development of the week was the 96.2 percent rejection by Nexteer auto parts workers in Saginaw, Michigan, of a UAW-backed concessions contract that would establish a “third class” wage tier at $19.05/hour for new hires, expand two-tier pay, and raise healthcare costs.[11] The 1,300 workers produce steering systems for the Chevrolet Silverado, GMC Sierra, Ford F-150 and Dodge Ram—occupying a strategic node in the global supply chain. UAW presidential candidate Will Lehman called for the immediate formation of a Nexteer rank-and-file committee, strike preparation, and solidarity from Big Three assembly workers refusing to handle scab parts.[12]

Separately, approximately 150 workers at Freudenberg-NOK in Findlay, Ohio, struck for higher wages and healthcare after UAW Local 1327 talks collapsed. The plant supplies GM, Ford and Stellantis; workers hold strategic leverage to disrupt assembly chains. The UAW bureaucracy failed to organise wider support.

The Bath Iron Works naval shipyard strike—engineers and designers at a key destroyer manufacturer—was shut down by the UAW bureaucracy, which ratified a multi-year contract while framing concessions as patriotic necessity. The Teamsters pre-empted a threatened strike by 6,000 DHL workers with a last-minute tentative agreement offering a nominal 20 percent wage rise over four years, while leaving automation and precarious conditions largely intact. Germany’s IGBCE union concluded chemical industry bargaining that freezes wages for nine months and delivers only 2.1–2.4 percent nominal increases from 2027—a real wage cut amid ongoing mass layoffs. Workers’ Struggles roundups documented rising industrial unrest across Asia, Australia and the Americas, reflecting the objective deterioration of living standards under the inflationary impact of the war.

The pattern across all these disputes is identical: workers display readiness and leverage; union bureaucracies act as industrial stabilisers for capital, containing struggles, brokering sellouts and subordinating workers to war production and corporate profit. The formation of democratically controlled rank-and-file committees, independent of the apparatus, is the central organisational task.

VI. The Bankruptcy of Pseudo-Left Reformism

The week furnished further evidence of the political bankruptcy of pseudo-left formations internationally. In Canada, Avi Lewis won the NDP leadership on a “left populist” platform promising to “fight the billionaire class”—while supporting NATO policy on Ukraine and intending to cooperate with right-wing provincial NDP governments, leaving capitalist property relations intact.[13] The NDP’s historical function is to contain working-class struggle within parliamentary reformism and union bureaucratic control; Lewis’ victory will channel worker unrest into parliamentary illusion.

In Mexico, the Movement of Socialist Workers (MTS) and allied organisations channelled a growing strike wave into support for US-backed “independent” unions rather than independent rank-and-file organisation, functioning as a pseudo-left cover for pro-imperialist union apparatuses. In Sri Lanka, major Tamil bourgeois parties either tacitly supported or remained silent on the US-Israeli assault on Iran, consistent with their long record of appeals to imperialist powers rather than mobilising working-class struggle.[14] In Turkey, a joint statement by eleven parties calling for “peace and democracy” avoided any principled opposition to US-Israeli aggression—pacifist opportunism that channels workers into elite mediation rather than independent class struggle.

Summation 

The week’s developments reveal, with exceptional clarity, the single political reality confronting the international working class: capitalism in crisis is driving imperialist war, social counter-revolution and authoritarian consolidation simultaneously. The Trump administration’s genocidal war on Iran, its $1.5 trillion war budget financed by gutting social programmes, the mass criminalisation of dissent, and the parallel militarisation of European and Australian capitalism—these are not aberrations but expressions of a system in mortal crisis.

The mass anti-war sentiment expressed in the “No Kings” protests of 28 March, the historic rejection of the Nexteer sellout, the strikes spreading across multiple continents—all reflect the objective conditions for the development of a powerful working-class movement. But the decisive question is that of political leadership. Social democratic parties (SPD, Labor), pseudo-left formations (NDP, MTS, DSA), and trade union bureaucracies act uniformly to contain and betray this movement. Only the building of rank-and-file committees, independent of the apparatus, linked internationally through the IWA-RFC, and guided by the programme of the ICFI, can transform the growing mass opposition into the political force required to end imperialist war and the capitalist system that produces it.

Footnotes

[1] Trump threatens “obliteration” of Iran as ground troops arrive in Middle East: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/31/yjdz-m31.html 

[2] US special forces rescue operation inside Iran after downing of US fighter jet: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/mmhh-a04.html 

[3] The unspoken target of Trump’s war on Iran—China: discussed in WSWS analysis, 2 April 2026.

[4] Australian Labor government secretly sends SAS to join the war against Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/rted-a04.html 

[5] David North’s Nuremberg video on the US war against Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/31/xnsx-m31.html 

[6] The March 28 “No Kings” demonstrations: The political lessons: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/30/yjug-m30.html 

[7] Trump’s plan to fund world war through social counter-revolution: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/ahuk-a04.html 

[8] Storm clouds gather over global financial system: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/31/pwll-m31.html 

[9] Hegseth insider war investments: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/01/lhdx-a01.html 

[10] Zionist assassination plot against Nerdeen Kiswani is a warning to the working class: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/01/khec-a01.html 

[11] Nexteer auto parts workers reject UAW sellout deal: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/03/mgqh-a03.html 

[12] UAW presidential candidate Will Lehman calls for support for Nexteer workers: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/qond-a04.html 

[13] “Left populist” Avi Lewis wins race to lead Canada’s NDP: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/oomo-a04.html 

[14] Sri Lankan Tamil bourgeois parties support US-Israeli war on Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/04/04/msrz-a04.html 

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 4 April 2026 Read More Âģ

Trump

Stop the impending Genocide — Before it is too late: Condemn Trump’s Threat to Annihilate Iranian Civilisation

Emergency Statement by the Editorial Board of  theSocialist.lk and the Socialist Lead of Sri Lanka and South Asia (SLLA)  

Trump
President Donald Trump speaks with reporters in the James Brady Press Briefing Room at the White House, Monday, April 6, 2026, in Washington. [AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein]

Today, 7 April 2026, US President Donald Trump posted on Truth Social: “A whole civilization will die tonight, never to be brought back again. I don’t want that to happen, but it probably will.”

This is not political bluster. This is the public declaration of genocidal intent by the head of state of the most heavily armed military power in history — a power that possesses thousands of nuclear weapons and has already been bombing Iran for forty days.

As the World Socialist Web Site stated today in its emergency perspective: “Every word Trump said implicates the government of the United States in a crime of Hitlerian proportions. He says openly what the Nazi leaders discussed behind closed doors.” Trump has already threatened to destroy every power plant, every bridge, every desalination facility — the entire infrastructure of civilised life for 93 million people. He has declared this will be accomplished “over a period of four hours.” He was asked by a reporter whether this constitutes war crimes. His answer: “No, not at all.”

Iran is the heir to one of the oldest and most profound civilisations in human history. Thousands of its civilians — including 168 children killed in a US missile strike on the Shajareh Tayyebeh girls’ school on the first day of the war — have already been slaughtered. Hospitals, universities, residential districts and schools have been systematically bombed. The logic of escalation, as the WSWS has warned, is inexorable: from intensified bombing to ground invasion, to the occupation of Iranian cities, and ultimately — in the face of mounting US casualties and military failure — to the resort to nuclear weapons.

This is not a hypothetical. This is the trajectory of a war that has been underway for forty days, escalating each week, with no serious force within the capitalist political system placing any brake upon it.

The Democratic Party of the United States — which funded the war with its own vote for the $839 billion defence budget — now calls Trump a “madman” and “unhinged.” But not a single Democrat has proposed concrete action to halt the war. They are complicit. They are terrified that any genuine mass mobilisation against the war would not stop at the war — it would raise the entire question of the distribution of wealth, the power of the financial oligarchy, and the social order both parties exist to defend.

The parliaments of Europe, the governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom — all are implicated. Australia has secretly deployed SAS commandos, Wedgetail battle-management aircraft and its Pine Gap intelligence station to the war. Britain hosts the Hormuz summit. Germany rearming. The United Nations Security Council paralysed. International law demolished.

The capitalist state system has proved, beyond any doubt, that it cannot stop this war. Only the international working class can.

theSocialist.lk and the Socialist Lead of Sri Lank and South Asia (SLLA) aligned with the International Committee of the Fourth International, calls on workers, youth and all those in opposition to this criminal war:

Strike: Workers in the United States, Britain, Australia, Germany and across the world must take immediate industrial action — in ports, airports, logistics hubs, defence manufacturing plants and transport networks — to deny the war machine the means to function. The AFL-CIO, the UAW, the TUC and every major trade union federation has maintained criminal silence. Workers must act through their rank-and-file committees, independently of the bureaucracy, to halt the flow of arms, fuel and supplies to this war.

Occupy: Workers and youth must occupy workplaces, campuses and public spaces — not to petition governments that have proven themselves servants of the war, but to assert the independent political power of the working class. The eight million who marched on 28 March in the United States alone must be transformed from a protest movement into an organised political force with a program, a strategy and a leadership.

Organise internationally:  The war on Iran is not a national question. It is a world question. Workers in Sri Lanka, workers in South Korea, workers in Japan — whose governments are cutting separate deals with Iran to secure oil supplies even as the bombs fall — must join this struggle. The IRGC’s warning that it will “deprive the US and its allies of the region’s oil and gas for years” is a measure of how close the world stands to an economic and military catastrophe of civilisational proportions. The only answer is international working-class solidarity, organised through the International Workers Alliance of Rank-and-File Committees (IWA-RFC).

Trump’s threat today must be understood for what it is: a declaration of war not merely against Iran, but against all the accumulated gains of human civilisation — against international law, against the prohibition on targeting civilian infrastructure, against the most fundamental norms of humanity that were codified after the horrors of World War II and the Nazi Holocaust. As David North stated at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice: this war meets every legal and political criterion established at the Nuremberg Trials for a “crime against peace” — the supreme international crime.

If today, 7 April 2026, becomes the date on which Iranian civilisation is destroyed, it will also be the date that the capitalist world order signs its own death warrant in the eyes of humanity. It must instead become the date on which the international working class rises to say: Not in our name. Not with our labour. Not with our silence.

The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) sections of the ICFI are organising this resistance. We call on all workers, youth and socialist-minded people in Sri Lanka, South Asia and internationally to join them.

Demand the immediate, unconditional cessation of the US-Israeli war on Iran.

Demand the withdrawal of all imperialist forces from the Middle East.

Build rank-and-file committees. Strike. Organise. Fight for socialism.

Solidarity With the people of Iran, Palestine, Lebanon, Cuba — International Working Class Unity!

Hands Off Iran — Stop Imperialist War!

No More Genocide — Stop Trump’s War Machine!

Workers’ Power Against War and Austerity!

Ports Closed to War — Workers Unite!

Not One Penny for War — Fund Hospitals, Schools, Jobs!

Imperialist and Zionist Troops Out from the Middle East!

Stop the War Criminals — Nuremberg for Imperialist Aggression!

Stop the impending Genocide — Before it is too late: Condemn Trump’s Threat to Annihilate Iranian Civilisation Read More Âģ

No kings

āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 “āļģāļĸ⎀āļģ⎔ āļ‘āļ´āˇâ€ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāļŊ⎒: āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇāļŠāļ¸āˇŠ

āļĸāˇāˇƒāļ´āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇ‚āˇāļģ⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 29 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜The March 28 “No Kings” demonstrations: The political lessons’āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļ‡āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚ āļŠāˇšāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

No kings
2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ “āļąāˇ āļšāˇ’āļ‚āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ” āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇŠ.

āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ ” āļąāˇ āļšāˇ’āļ‚āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ ” āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāļŊ⎒⎀āļŊ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āˇ€āļ§āļē, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ,  āļ‘āļē āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’⎀āļŊāļ§ â€‹â€‹āļ‡āļ¯ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ 50 āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļąāļœāļģāļēāļšāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āļąāļœāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļœāļĢāļąāļš āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ 3,300 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 8 āļš āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ’āˇ€āˇāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎖ āļļ⎀ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠ āļļāļŊāˇ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļ…āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀⎒āļē: āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ›āļ­āļ¸ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠâ€“āˇāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇ”⎄⎒, āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ§āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļŠāˇāļ‚āļœāļĢāļēāļ§ 100,000 āļ­āˇŠ 200,000 āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āˇ„. āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļ‡āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”āļœāļ­ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē 350,000 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē; āļļ⎜⎃⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ 180,000 āļšāˇ’ (āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļœāˇ”āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ); āļ āˇ’āļšāˇāļœāˇāˇ„⎒ 200,000 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē; āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎐āļ§āļŊāˇŠāˇ„āˇ’ 90,000 āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāˇāˇ„⎒ 40,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļąāˇāļœāļģ⎒āļš āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāˇ€āļŊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ ⎀⎒āļē. ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ…āļŊ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļē, āļģ⎒āļ´āļļ⎊āļŊ⎒āļšāļąāˇŠ-āļąāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅. ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ 600 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļļ⎀āļē⎒

āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē, āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļ⎒āļšāˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ“ āļēāļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ”āļŊ⎔āļŊ⎊ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļœ āˇ„āˇāļģ⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē, āļģ⎐⎅⎒ ⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎖⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇšāļœāļšāļģ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē. ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ– ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ…⎀āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, āļąāļœāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģāļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇšāļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇāļēāļąāˇ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ´āˇ™āļŊāļ´āˇāļŊ⎒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļą āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āļœāļąāļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ “⎃āļ­āˇ’ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēā āļœāˇœāļŠāļļ⎒āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ, ⎀āļ‚āļ āˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇ āļšāļŠāļ­āˇ”āļģāˇāˇ€ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ â€œāˇƒāļ­āˇ’ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą” āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļē.

⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āļē⎚ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļˇāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ­ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ‘āļē āļ…⎀āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔ āļšāļģ ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļēāˇāļ¸āļē⎒. āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļ§āļē⎒āļ¸āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļšāˇ™āļ§āˇ’ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļŊ⎚, ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāļŊ⎒ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāˇ€, “āļšāļŊāļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠâ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē-āˇ€āˇāļģ āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļĢ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇāˇ„āļšāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇ’. āļŠāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ‰āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ āļšāˇšāļļāļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€ āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’. 

āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē āļąāļ¸āˇŠ: ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ§ āļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ§, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļļāļŊāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇšāļ¯? āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāļē⎒. āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇ€ āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą, āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļŸāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāļ§ āļ‡āļ¯ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ¯āˇ’āļœāļ§āļ¸ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇ ⎄⎐āļšāˇŠāļšāˇš āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇšāļ¯?

āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš  āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāļœāˇš āļšāˇāļ´āļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ– ⎀⎒āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļšāˇ’āļēāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠ (Indivisible āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ  āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą) āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āļģāļ­āļģāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļē. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ…⎀āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āļē ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ ⎀⎒āļē.

āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˜ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē⎚ ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠāļ§ āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ “āļąāˇ āļšāˇ’āļ‚āˇƒāˇŠ ” āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļ­āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļŊāļšāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ “āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļē āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļŠ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­â€ āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒⎀āļŊāļ¯āˇ“, āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļĨāļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇƒāļŊāļšāˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļ‘āļē āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ āˇ€āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļē āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāļēāļšāļ§ āļŒāļąāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‘āļšāļŸ āˇ€āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇ’. āļļ⎜⎃⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒āļ¯āˇ“, āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļˇāˇ’āļš āļ‘āļŊāˇ’āˇƒāļļ⎙āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇœāļģāļąāˇŠ “āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē” āļœāˇāļą āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇšāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ “āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ…āļŠāļšāˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙⎅⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļšāļ§ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓ā āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļšāˇ™āļ§āˇ’ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļŊāˇāļē.āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļˇāˇ’āļš āļ‘āļŠāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇ’ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš ⎀⎐āļ¯āļœāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļšāļ§ āļąāˇāļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļē āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’. 

āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇƒāˇāļ§āˇ ⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļģ⎊āļąāˇ’ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊āļœāˇš ⎀⎒⎀⎙āļ āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ āļģ⎒āļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļšāˇāļ´ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. “āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļœāˇāļą āļ…āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļ§ āļļ⎜āļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’āļēāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎚,” ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. “āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļšāļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ…āļœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļĸāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ™āļ­āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ„āˇ” āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē â€œāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“” āļļ⎀ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ“āļē, āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯ â€œāļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ”āļš āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļģāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļąāˇœāļœāļ­āˇŠâ€ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇ’. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē “āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠâ€ āļļ⎀ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ“āļē.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊āļœāˇš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļē ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ‘āļē ⎀⎐⎅⎐āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ”⎄⎔ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇāļš āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇāļģāˇŠāˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ™āļ­āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ„āˇ”āļœāˇš āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē. āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļœāˇāļą āļ”⎄⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāļģ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āˇš āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļļāļē⎒āļŠāļąāˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļļ⎀āļē āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āļœāˇāļą āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ“āˇ€āˇšāļē. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļē⎔āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļ§ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ āļœāˇāļą āļ¯ āļ”⎄⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļąāˇāļ­.

“āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāˇƒāļģāˇŠāˇ€āˇšāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­āˇ’⎁⎓āļŊ⎓āļąāˇŠ” āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ “āļ‘āļšāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāˇ€” āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊āļœāˇš āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇāļģāˇāļ‚⎁āļœāļ­ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļš. āļ‘āļē, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎃⎊āļ´āļģ⎊⎁ āļąāˇœāļšāļģ āļ­āļļāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸ “āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļąāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎒āļ´āļļ⎊āļŊ⎒āļšāļąāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļąāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļēāˇāļ āļąāļēāļšāˇ’. ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠāļ¯? āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļĢ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎔ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļē. 

⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎖ āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āˇƒāˇš āļšāˇ…āˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē. āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļļ⎐āļŗ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ­ (adapt) ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē⎚ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļē āļ¸āˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āˇ€āˇš. āˇ‚āˇāļąāˇŠ āˇ†āˇšāļąāˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļ§āļģ⎊ āļģāļŽ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļē (UAW) āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš “āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€â€ āļēāļą āļšāˇāļšāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ›āļŊāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļŠāˇ™āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļē⎒āļ§āˇŠ ⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇāļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ ⎀⎒āļē.

āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇƒāˇāļ§āˇ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎒āļē⎚ AFL-CIO ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎂⎖āļŊāļģ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļœāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇšāļŊāļąāļē⎚ ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļģ⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎙āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇāļģ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļą āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖⎄. ⎂⎖āļŊāļģ⎊ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģ, “āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļšāļ§ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļē ⎀āļą” āļļ⎀ ⎀⎙āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇāļģ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇāļē. āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļēāˇāļœāˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ†āļ°āˇāļģāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇāļģ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇāļ¸āļ­āˇ’ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇƒāˇāļšāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­.

āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļœāˇāļą āˇ‚āˇ–āļŊāļģ⎊ āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎙āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇāļģ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļąāˇāļ­. āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇāˇ€āļŊ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ…⎀āļ­āˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇ€āļą āļ¸āˇœāˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇšāļ¸, “āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 15 āļš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠâ€ ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļą āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠâ€“⎀⎙āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇāļģ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ– āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, “āļ…āļ¯ āļģāļĸ⎀āļģ⎔ āļ‘āļ´āˇ, āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ™āļ¸āˇ”,”āļŊāˇ™āˇƒâ€“ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āˇāļģ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āˇ„āˇ “āļšāˇāļ§āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§â€ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļļ⎀⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļąāˇāļ­.

āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ”āļŊ⎔āļŊāˇŠāˇ€ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ⎔āļąāˇ” ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļąāˇœāļŊ⎐āļļ⎚. āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļš āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‡āļ­āˇāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ”⎀, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āļ‘āļšāˇ€āļģ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļą āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļšāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸, āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ-āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļē āļąāˇ’⎄āļŦ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļŠ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ ⎃āļšāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇ…⎀āļŊ ICE āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļģāˇāļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ„āļ¯āˇ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇ’. āļ‰āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ “āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āˇƒāˇāļģāˇŠāˇ€āļģāļēāˇâ€ (“Border Czar”) āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļ§āˇœāļ¸āˇŠ āˇ„āˇāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāˇ„āļą āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļą (TSA) āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓āļ¸ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ€āˇ, āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļ§āˇ”āļ´āļŊ ⎀āļŊ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ ICE āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļąāˇ”⎀, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ´āˇžāļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āļ¯āˇ”āˇ‚āˇŠāļ āļģ⎒āļ­āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļą āļąāļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāˇāļ­. āļ”⎄⎔ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ­āļ¸ āļ°āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ“ āļēāļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāˇ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē.

āļ­āˇ™āˇ€āļąāˇ”⎀, āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‹āļ´āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‰āļŠ āˇƒāļŊ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļĢ āļ†āļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ  āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇ€āˇ™āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎄āļģāˇ€āˇ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļē⎒. 

āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ”⎀, āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļ‹āļ´āļšāļģāļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļąāˇ€ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē ⎀⎖ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļē⎒. ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ, āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āļ´āˇāļ­ āˇ€āˇš. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē, ⎃āļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ– āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāļģ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎄āļģ⎒āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎚.

⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎀ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’⎄āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āļē: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļ´āļē āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āļģāˇāļĸāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇāļē. 

āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļŠāˇ…āļŸ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļļ⎐⎃āļœāļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļœ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļē⎔āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāļļ⎒āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļŊ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇāļąāļē (IWA-RFC) āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒.

āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ§āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀ ⎃⎃āļ´ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’⎀āļŊāļ§ â€‹â€‹āļ‡āļ¯ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­āļēāļ§ āļ†āļēāˇāļ āļąāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇžāļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āļŊāˇāļˇāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāˇ„⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļšāˇŠ ⎃⎜āļēāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē (āļ‘.āļĸ) āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎃⎃āļ´āļ§ āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļˇāˇāļģ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē⎒.

(āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“)

āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 28 “āļģāļĸ⎀āļģ⎔ āļ‘āļ´āˇâ€ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāļŊ⎒: āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇāļŠāļ¸āˇŠ Read More Âģ

Banner

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 28 March 2026

This political report for the week of March 22–28, 2026, is compiled by theSocialist.lk based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS).

Banner

I. Imperialism and War: The Iran Catastrophe Deepens

The dominant political development of the week was the further catastrophic escalation of the US-Israeli war against Iran, now entering its fourth week. On Saturday, 22 March, President Trump posted an ultimatum on his social media platform demanding that Iran “fully open, without threat, the Strait of Hormuz within 48 hours,” threatening to “obliterate” Iran’s power infrastructure, beginning with its largest power plant. The WSWS characterised this as a threat of genocidal violence without precedent in the post-World War II era, comparable only to the Truman administration’s nuclear ultimatum to Japan in 1945.[1]

The scale of the threat was not rhetorical. The Damavand Combined Cycle Power Plant — Iran’s largest, located 35 kilometres from Tehran’s centre — supplies electricity to approximately ten million people. Any strike on the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, Iran’s sole operating commercial reactor, risks catastrophic radioactive release. The IAEA Director General has warned that even severing the facility’s power supply lines could trigger a reactor meltdown. Iran responded by declaring all US and Israeli energy infrastructure across the region as legitimate targets, with Gulf states whose populations depend on electricity-powered desalination plants facing a potential humanitarian catastrophe of their own.

By week’s end, the trajectory had moved unambiguously toward ground invasion. Trump, in an interview with the Financial Times, declared openly: “Maybe we take Kharg Island, maybe we don’t. We have a lot of options.” The Wall Street Journal reported that the Pentagon was preparing for “weeks of ground operations,” and approximately 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne Division were reported to be readying for deployment. The 82nd Airborne’s Immediate Response Force — a 3,000-strong rapid-deployment brigade — was identified by the New York Times as a candidate force for seizing Kharg Island, through which 90 percent of Iran’s oil exports pass.

Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth provided the clearest statement of the administration’s actual position: “We negotiate with bombs. You have a choice as we loiter over the top of Tehran.” This cynical formulation — coupling public talk of negotiations with accelerating military preparations — exposes the character of US imperialism: diplomacy as a screen for war, with mass violence as both means and end.

In Lebanon, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu ordered a further expansion of the “security zone” in the south. More than 1,238 people have been killed and 3,500 wounded since the Israeli ground assault began on 2 March. More than 1.2 million people have been displaced. Three journalists were killed in a targeted Israeli airstrike on a marked press vehicle in Jezzine. Human rights documentation through Day 25 of the Iran war recorded at least 6,530 killed, including 640 confirmed civilians.

The WSWS insists that these are not individual acts of militarist excess but the systematic expression of a capitalist imperialist order in deep crisis, using war to secure control of energy resources, chokepoints and global hegemony. The Newroz 2026 statement of the Sosyalist Eşitlik Partisi (Turkey/SEP) — issued on 22 March — placed the war in this broader framework, linking imperialist aggression against Iran, Lebanon and Gaza to the political interests of regional bourgeoisies and the strategic requirements of US world dominance. The statement called for the building of rank-and-file committees across factories, ports, mines, hospitals and schools, the withdrawal of all US forces from the Middle East, the closure of NATO bases including those in TÃŧrkiye, and the formation of a Socialist Federation of the Middle East.[2]

II. The Political Bankruptcy of Reformism

Spain provided the week’s starkest illustration of pseudo-left capitulation to imperialism. The PSOE-Sumar coalition — which weeks earlier had revived the “No to war” slogan associated with the 2003 anti-Iraq War mass movement — announced a â‚Ŧ1 billion military aid package for Ukraine following a meeting between Prime Minister SÃĄnchez and Volodymyr Zelenskyy, bringing Spain’s total commitment to approximately â‚Ŧ4 billion. The frigate CristÃŗbal ColÃŗn was simultaneously dispatched to the eastern Mediterranean. A token â‚Ŧ5 billion social subsidy package — temporary tax cuts and a symbolic rent freeze attempt — was offered as political cover.[3]

The manoeuvre was transparent. The PSOE-Sumar government made this announcement against the backdrop of an unprecedented wave of industrial action across Spain: a nationwide doctors’ strike involving more than 175,000 workers, a three-day national railway strike, airport ground handling stoppages threatening to paralyse Easter travel, regional education strikes — with Catalonia’s culminating in more than 100,000 people on the streets of Barcelona — and general strikes in the Basque Country on 17 March. The working class in struggle was answered with rearmament and tokenism.

The WSWS is unequivocal: PSOE-Sumar’s anti-war posture was never anything other than a political calculation to contain domestic opposition. Its rapid re-integration into NATO war logistics — complementing Spain’s earlier facilitation of US strikes on Iran — exposes the class interests that animate such formations. Sumar, positioned as the “left” partner of the coalition, is identified as a direct instrument of imperialism, channelling dissent into manageable parliamentary terrain while voting through military budgets and suppressing class struggle.

Sri Lanka’s Frontline Socialist Party (FSP) received analogous treatment. Its call for “global people’s power” against the Iran war — superficially radical in rhetoric — was subjected to sharp political critique as pseudo-left opportunism. The FSP’s initiative, the WSWS argued, reflects a nationalist parliamentary logic that accommodates bourgeois parties and dissipates class power through appeals that refuse to break with the capitalist state. The SEP insists that genuine anti-war struggle must be grounded in proletarian internationalism and independent socialist organisation.[4]

III. Authoritarian Consolidation and Democratic Rights

The Trump administration continued its domestic militarisation offensive during the week. ICE deployments to airports in force — framed publicly as immigration enforcement — were characterised by the WSWS  as a deliberate erosion of democratic norms and a rehearsal for the normalisation of federal paramilitary presence in civilian public life. The SEP connects this directly to the war drive: the same oligarchic project that prosecutes imperialist war abroad constructs the police state apparatus at home.

Australia’s Labor government provided a parallel illustration of bourgeois democracy’s hollowing out. Having lost a High Court ruling on offshore detention, the Albanese government circumvented the decision by transporting former asylum seekers to Nauru. The SEP described this as demonstrating the capitalist state’s readiness to flout its own legal constraints in order to uphold racist border regimes — which serve both capitalist labour market requirements and imperialist geopolitical alliances.

Cuba’s humanitarian crisis deepened further as a nationwide blackout struck the island amid US restrictions blocking incoming Russian fuel shipments. This is imperialist economic warfare targeting working people directly, using energy denial as a weapon of coercion.

The German city of Duisburg maintained its entry ban against Mohamedou Ould Slahi — the Mauritanian — a GuantÃĄnamo survivor and author, in a measure that exemplifies the integration of state repression, anti-democratic precedent and the ongoing brutalisation of those processed through imperialist detention machinery.

IV. Class Struggle and Bureaucratic Betrayal

Class struggle intensified across multiple fronts, with the trade union bureaucracy consistently functioning as the principal obstacle to the conversion of industrial militancy into political power.

In London, more than 300 Unite members at Stagecoach’s Bow garage struck for four days (19–22 March) against punishing rosters, inadequate rest breaks and dangerous fatigue — conditions forcing drivers to fall asleep at the wheel. Stagecoach mounted a systematic strikebreaking operation, importing replacement drivers from other cities and billeting them in hotels. Unite responded by sabotaging the action: officials called off a coordinated strike at Lea Interchange Bus Company — a Stagecoach subsidiary a few miles away — and declared a “win” based on a three-year deal pegging future increases to CPI rather than the previously demanded RPI, while leaving victimisation of union reps unaddressed. The Rail, Maritime and Transport union simultaneously suspended rolling stoppages by 1,800 London Underground drivers for closed-door talks.[5]

The WSWS analysis is direct: the union apparatus acts not as an instrument of working-class power but as a managerial layer whose function is to contain, fragment and ultimately defeat industrial resistance. The strategic response is the formation of rank-and-file committees that link garages and sectors, set non-negotiable safety demands, coordinate unified action, and raise the demand for democratic workers’ control of public transport.

In Australia, Tasmanian teachers conducted rolling statewide strikes over real-wage cuts and deteriorating conditions — the third round of action since September 2025 — while the AEU bureaucracy deliberately staggered the action by region (northwest on Tuesday, north on Wednesday, south on Thursday) to minimise its impact and prevent coordination with the simultaneous Victorian teachers’ strike. The tactic is well-established: token industrial action that creates the appearance of struggle while preserving the bureaucracy’s role as negotiating intermediary and absorber of militancy.[6]

Spain’s strike wave — the full breadth of which crossed healthcare, transport, rail, education and the public sector — demonstrated the objective depth of class anger. The Catalan education strike, supported by 90 percent of educators and culminating in 100,000 on the streets of Barcelona, is among the most significant educational mobilisations in recent Spanish history. That this emerged simultaneously with the PSOE-Sumar government’s announcement of a billion-euro military package for Ukraine underscores the central political contradiction: the same government which presides over real wage cuts and social austerity now channels resources to militarism while deploying union bureaucracies and its pseudo-left partners to contain the resistance.

V. Economic Warfare and Global Instability

The week’s economic developments were inseparable from the war drive. The Iran conflict’s threat to the Strait of Hormuz — through which roughly one-fifth of global oil passes — continued to generate financial turbulence across Asian markets. The imperialist war is simultaneously a political project and an act of structural economic destabilisation that strikes workers internationally through energy price inflation, supply chain disruption and currency volatility.

Cuba’s energy crisis — intensified by US restrictions on Russian fuel shipments — illustrates how imperialist economic coercion operates as a form of warfare targeting entire populations. The IMF, which had previously lauded Sri Lanka as an austerity “success story,” continued to provide ideological cover for the social devastation its programmes produce. These are not disconnected crises but expressions of the same capitalist order in its period of accelerating decay.

VI. The Revolutionary Tasks

The week’s events collectively underscore the axis of ICFI/SEP political analysis: war, dictatorship, austerity and bureaucratic betrayal are not separate phenomena but interlinked expressions of the capitalist system’s terminal crisis. Trump’s 48-hour ultimatum is not an aberration but the language of a ruling class prepared to obliterate the infrastructure of a nation of 90 million people to secure strategic and economic objectives. The pseudo-left formations — PSOE-Sumar, the FSP, the trade union bureaucracies — function consistently to contain and divert the social opposition that these conditions generate.

The correct working-class response — as the WSWS insists — is the building of rank-and-file committees in workplaces and communities, international coordination through the International Workers Alliance of Rank-and-File Committees, political independence from all bourgeois parties, and the construction of sections of the Fourth International to provide the revolutionary socialist leadership that the objective situation demands.

[1] Trump’s 48-hour ultimatum: A criminal threat of mass murder — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/23/wzwz-m23.html 

[2] Newroz 2026: Mobilize the working class against imperialist war and for workers’ power in the Middle East! — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/22/hynm-m22.html 

[3] Spain’s Socialist Party-Sumar government unveils â‚Ŧ1 billion military aid package for Ukraine — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/22/bkdx-m22.html 

[4] Sri Lanka: FSP “global people’s power” critique — WSWS coverage, week ending 28 March 2026

[5] East London bus drivers opposing fatigue face strike breaking by Stagecoach — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/22/iprj-m22.html 

[6] Australia: Teachers to strike across Tasmania against real wage cuts — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/23/ovkw-m23.html 

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 28 March 2026 Read More Âģ

Aragalaya

āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē: ‘āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’’ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„ â€˜āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§â€™ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē – 4 āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ

⎃āļ‚āļĸāļē āļĸāļē⎃⎚āļšāļģ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ, ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āļœāˇš āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē⎚ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē ⎀⎒āļ¸āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļš 4 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļą āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇ™āˇ„⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ… āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ”. 1 ⎀āļą āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ āļ‰āļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2025 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 6 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2025 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 10 āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ thesocialist.lk ⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. 2 ⎀āļą āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ āļ‰āļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2025 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 14 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2025 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 14 āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇ… āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. 3 ⎀āļą āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ āļ‰āļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 27 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2025 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28  āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ āļ´āˇ… āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. 4 ⎀āļą āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ āļ‰āļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’ āļļāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 7 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ™āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ… āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇš 1 āˇ„āˇ 2 āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ The Socialist ⎃āļŸāļģāˇāˇ€āˇš 2025 āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē⎚āļ¯, 3 āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ ⎃āļŸāļģāˇāˇ€āˇš 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē⎙ āļ¯ āļ´āˇ… āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. 

āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļšāˇāļģāļŊ⎒⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āļ­: āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒ āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē, āˇ€āˇāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’āļē ⎀āļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļāˇāˇ‚āļĢ—āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē, āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ, ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇāļŠāļ¸āˇŠ (āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ)

āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ: ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļŠāˇ’āļĸ⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļē

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇ āļ­āˇ”āļą, āļ’āˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒  ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļ­āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļģāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļ⎒āļšāˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļš (tactical) āļ†āļšāˇāļģ⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒.

āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇš āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” āļ…⎀āļšāˇāˇāļē⎚ āļ­āˇ’āļģāˇƒāˇāļģ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ Occupy āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āļ­āˇāˇ„āˇŠāļģ⎓āļģ⎊ āļ āļ­āˇ”āļģāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚āļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āļģ⎖āļ´āļē āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. “āļĸāļąāļ­āˇ āļ¸āļē⎒āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ†āˇāļąāļē (people’s microphone)”, āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎃⎊ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ (horizontal decision-making) āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē (assembly democracy), āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ–āļģ⎃⎊āļŽ āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļĸāļē āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļŊāˇāˇ‚āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇšāļ­āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļēāļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļļāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļ‘āļē āļ‰āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ…āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒, āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎒ āļšāļŊ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ†āˇ™āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļ¸āļ­ āļ‘āļē  āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“.

āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ…āļŠāˇāļŊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš (distruptive) āļ‹āļ´āˇāļē āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ€āļŊ āļ‘āļšāļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ…⎄: āļˇāˇāļĢ⎊āļŠ āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāļģāļĢ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļą āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, ⎃āļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ, ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇšāļ­āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ„āˇ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ ⎃āļ‚āļēāˇāļĸāļą āļ†āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āˇ€āˇš. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁āļē⎚ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠāļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļē, ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ  āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃⎐āļļāˇ‘â€“āˇƒāˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇœāļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎔⎀āļ¯â€“⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’ā āļąāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē āļ­āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļē; āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€ āļ‘āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ”āļĢ⎒. āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļē⎚ āļ…āļ‚⎁ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą  āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„  āļąāˇ’⎀⎄āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ…āļŠāˇāļŊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļļāļŊāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇāļļ⎑ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ­āˇ’āļģāˇƒāˇāļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē. āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āˇ€āˇ– āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”, āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ”āˇƒāˇ€āˇ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€ āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļē⎒.[17]

āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€āļŊ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš  ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ‘āļšāļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļē⎒āļš āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāļ§ āˇƒāˇāļŊāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļŠāˇ’āļĸ⎒āļ§āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāļąāļē āļąāˇ€ ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ€ āļ…⎀āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāˇšāļē. āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļļāļŊ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āļ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ’āļšāˇ, āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇ’āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļē, āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’ āļ…āļ‚⎁⎀āļŊ ⎀⎒āļąāˇ’⎀⎒āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļœāļ­āļē⎚ āļ‡āļŊ⎊āļœāˇœāļģ⎒āļ­āļ¸āļē āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎀⎓āļ¸ (manipulation) āļ¯ āˇƒāļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē  āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļ†āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸â€“⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇš āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļšā ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§ āˇ€āˇ›āļģāļŊ⎊ āˇ„āˇāˇ‚āˇŠ āļ§āˇāļœāˇŠ, āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē  āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇ āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ˜āļšāˇ (trending topics)–āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ”āˇ„āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē, āļ’āˇ€āˇāļ§ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎙āļą āļļ⎀ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āļœāˇ’āļē  āļ­āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āˇāļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ†āˇ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ‘āļšāˇ“ āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļąāļ¸āˇŠ: ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’ āļļāļŊāļē, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļŊ⎓⎀āļģāļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē ⎀⎖, āļ­āˇ’āļģāˇƒāˇāļģ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļšāˇŠ (industrial action) āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļē⎒.

āˇƒāˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇ™āļ´āˇŠ āļ§āˇ”⎆⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’ (Zeynep Tufekci) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇ”āļŊāˇ āļœāļģ⎊āļļāˇāļŠāˇ (Paolo Gerbaudo) ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļēāˇāļ āˇāļģāˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ “āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’” āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀, ⎂āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇāļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇ–āˇ†āˇŠ āļœāˇš āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļēāļ§ āļąāˇ‘āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāļą āļ¯āˇ˜āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ§āˇ” āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎃⎊ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē, ⎀⎒āļ°āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļąāˇ’ āļĸāˇāļŊāļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ†āļšāˇāļģ  āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļšāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļąāˇāļ‚⎀⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļēāˇāļ āˇāļģāˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļšāˇ€ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļŒāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļœāˇ”āļĢāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒. “āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’” āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ⎀āļŊ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļēāˇāļ āˇāļģāˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ (spontaneism) āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļŊ⎙āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļļāļŊāļē āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļœāļąāˇ“: āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇāļ´āļē, āļšāˇ™āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠāļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“ ⎀⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļĨāˇāļąāļē āļĸāļąāļąāļē āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļē⎒; āļ‘āļē ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ…āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇ€āˇš. [18] “āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’” āļ¯āˇ˜āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē, āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļē⎒; āļ‘āļē ⎃⎐āļļ⎀⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē–āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ ⎃āļ´āļēāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāˇāļģāļšāˇ€āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāļģāļĢāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇāļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāļģ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļŊ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļĩāļŊ āļąāˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļĨāļēāļąāˇŠâ€“āˇƒāļŸāˇ€āļē⎒.

⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅: āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāļģāļĢāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­āˇ’āļĸāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļ­āˇ”āļąāļ¸, “⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ” ⎃āļ‚āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļ­ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ…āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ”āļĸāˇāļ­ āļ¯āˇ”āļšāˇŠāļœāˇāļąāˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ‘⎄⎙āļ­āˇŠ, ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§, āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļą āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ€āˇ”āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’ āļšāˇāļœāˇš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇāļ¯ āļēāļą āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļąāˇœāˇƒāļŊāļšāˇ ⎄āļģ⎒āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāļģāļĢāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­āˇ’āļĸāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļ­āˇ”āļąāļ¸ āļģ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē.

āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸āˇš āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ (āļ†āļ¯āˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠ) āļēāļŊ⎒ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇāˇ„⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ ⎀āļœāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ, āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ°āļą āļļāļ¯āˇ”, āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨āˇāļ´āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎄. āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚, IMF āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļļāļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸, āļ¯āˇ–⎂āļĢāļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§, āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ”āļļ⎊āļļāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē.

For a Left Populism (Verso, 2018) ⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ–āˇ†āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎊āļ´āˇāļ¤āˇŠāļ¤āļē⎚ āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇ™āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠ (Podemos) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁āļē⎚ Insoumise āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē⎒āļš āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€, āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇāļ¸-āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ “āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļ§” āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ “āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš” āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”āļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ‘āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļąāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģāļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ (cross-class) “āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­āˇ’⎁⎓āļŊ⎓” āļšāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇ’āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ–āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇ’.

āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇ (Syriza) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇ™āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļ†āˇ€āļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ WSWS āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļļāļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. 2015 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļĢ āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇ, EU-IMF(āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē-āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ) āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ (āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, EC-āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļ¸, ECB-āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļ¸āˇ„ āļļ⎐āļ‚āļšāˇ”⎀, IMF-āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ) āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ”āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇ™āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠ, PSOE ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļˇāˇāļœ āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸[20], āˇ€āˇāļ¸-āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ’āļģ⎚āļšāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ”⎀ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­: āˇƒāˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇš 2015 āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ„āļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀, āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āļ¯āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āļœāˇ’āļŊ⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“; āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇ™āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ ⎀⎓ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ ⎄āļ­āļģāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļąāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āˇ€āˇœāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ (Vox) āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē ⎃⎊āļ´āˇāļ¤āˇŠāļ¤ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­. ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀āļŊ “āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļēāˇ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”” āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļœāˇ™āļą āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’  āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļļ⎜āļģ⎔⎀āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­. [21]

⎃⎐āļļ⎀⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“  āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚  āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļēāˇ’â€“āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļģ⎖āļ´ āˇ€āļą āļ‘āļšā āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļē āļ‘āļēāļē⎒. āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļļāļŊāļē āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē   āļ…āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ  āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļēāļšāˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āļē āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ¯āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔⎀āļšāˇŠ āļšāļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. Occupy, Yellow Vests āˇƒāˇ„ Gen-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ⎀āļŊ  āļ´āˇāļģāˇŠāˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ,  ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠâ€“āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļš āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇŠâ€āļē–āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļ’, ICFI ⎄⎒ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ  ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāˇ€āļŊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’,  āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāļ­āˇ”āļģāˇ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļļāļŊāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļą  ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀āļšāļ§ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒. [22]

⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ”⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇŠāļšāļ¸āˇŠ: ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎃āļ‚āļē⎔āļ­āˇ’āļē, āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē

āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇ āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒ā āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ¸āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļēāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē–āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎚ āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇ˜āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„  ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļŒāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠâ€“āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”,  āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē⎒āļš āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāˇ™āļą āļ¯āˇ™āļą āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇŠāļšāļ¸āˇŠ  ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“ā āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇš.

⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎃āļ‚āļē⎔āļ­āˇ’āļē: āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ¯āˇāļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļąāˇāļœāļģ⎒āļš, āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ§ āļ‹āļœāļ­āˇŠ, āļąāˇāļœāļģ⎒āļš āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāˇ€āļŊ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ…āļŠāļ¸āˇāļą āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļŽāļģ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļ‘āļē ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ…āļ­āˇ˜āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļ⎒āļšāˇ” āļšāˇ… āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ “99%” āļ‡āļ­āˇ”āļŊāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎓āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļģāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļ¯ āļŊāļ­āˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāļģ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. “āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 99” āļēāļą āˇƒāļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļ¨āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃⎊āļŽāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 99 āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ⎓āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ  āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āļšāˇŠâ€“āļ´āˇ…āˇāļ­āˇŠāļļāļ¯ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ, āļ¸āļœāˇ“āļąāˇŠ, āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ ⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ –āļąāˇāļœāļģ⎒āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ­ āˇƒāˇāļļ⎑ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģāļ§ āˇ…āļŸāˇ ⎀⎒āļē. āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ, āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇœāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļļ⎑  āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ§āˇ”āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē: āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą, āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’-āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ“āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’-āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļąāˇœāļ­āļšāˇ āļļāļ‚āļœāˇŠāļŊāˇāļ¯āˇšāˇāļē⎚ āļ‡āļŸāļŊ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļœāˇ”āļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļšāˇ€ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ­āļŊāļēāļš āļ…āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠāļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āļˇāˇ–āļœāˇāļŊāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ€ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­ āļ¸āˇāļąāļē: āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ–āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁āļēâ€“āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ IMF āļĢāļē ⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ€ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­ āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļąāļē āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē ⎀āļą āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļģ⎊āļ° āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļē: IMF, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ…⎀⎔āļŊāˇ”āˇ€āˇāļŊ⎖ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļļāļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔⎀ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇƒ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇ”āļšāˇŠāļœāˇāļąāˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎒ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļšāļģāļą āļ¸āˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ  āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āļœāˇš āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ”āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇāļŽ  āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎒.

⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē: āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļļāļŊāļē⎚ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļļāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ”āļĢ⎔, āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āļšāļŊāļŊāļģ⎖āļ´āˇ“ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎖āļ´āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ’āļģāˇƒāˇāļģ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāļąāļēāļšāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļģāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ  āļąāˇœāļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ, āļŠāļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€, āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŊāˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ, āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ” āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļļāļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎔⎄āļēāļ¸ āˇƒāˇœāļŊāˇ€āˇāļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎀⎒āļˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļœāˇāļ¸āļšāļēāļšāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‹āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎖ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ¸ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļģāļē⎒. ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¯āˇ„āˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎃āļ­āˇ” āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇ“āļē āļ°āˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āļģāļ­āļģāļē–āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āļąāˇ’āļģāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļē–āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚ āļ­āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļļ⎀āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āˇ€āˇš.

āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ ⎀āļ¸: āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ…⎄āļšāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ°āˇāļģāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ

āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇ āļ­āˇ”āļą āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļļ⎐āļģ⎑āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ, āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇ€āļŊ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”āļ› āˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš, āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē⎀  āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āˇ’āļ­ āˇ€āˇ–  āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ‹āļœāˇ”āļŊ⎊ ⎀āļŊ āļ‘āļšāļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāˇ€â€“āļ’āˇ€āˇāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ’⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇ“āļē āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠâ€“āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļēāļą āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē āļ‰āļ§āˇ” āļšāļģāļą, āˇƒāˇ”āˇƒāļ‚āļēāˇāļœāˇ“ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ°āˇāļģāˇāˇ€āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ ISO, āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇ™āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ… ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļ´āˇāļļ⎊āļŊāˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊ⎓āļœāļē, ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇ’āļē⎔āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“-āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€, āļ´āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ“āļąāļē⎚ BAYAN āˇƒāˇ„ Akbayan, āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ§āˇ”āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē (Frontline Socialist Party)–āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļģ⎊āļˇāļēāļąāˇŠ  āļąāˇœāļ­āļšāˇ āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļœāļ­ āļšāļģ āļœāļąāˇ“. āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē⎒āļš āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āļ­ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļē: āˇ‚āˇœāļąāˇŠāļ§āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇ–āˇ†āˇŠ, āļ´āˇœāļŠāˇ™āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ™āļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠāļ āˇœāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš (MÊlenchon) āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁ Insoumise āļēāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļ§āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļ‹āļ´āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāˇšāļē; āļ‡āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļšāļģ⎔ āļ…āļģ⎊āļąāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇ āļŊ⎐āļšāˇŠāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇŠāļœāˇš (Ernesto Laclau) āļ´āˇāˇŠāļ āˇāļ­āˇŠ-āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎄⎙āļĸāļ¸āˇœāļąāˇ’ (āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļē-hegemony) āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´ āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­; āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē (International Socialist Tendency) āˇƒāˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇš āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŽāļēāļ§ āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļ¸āļē āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊāļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ (capitulation) āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ āļą āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš  āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ“ WSWS āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ– āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇ “‘⎀ā āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ¯āˇ˜āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“  āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļ§ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ-āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒.[15] āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ‚āļē⎔āļ­āˇ’āļē, āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļˇ āļąāˇœāļŊāļļāļą āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āļ¸āļ­ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āļē āļē⎐āļ´āˇ“āļ¸, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ “āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļšā āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļēāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎊āļŊ āļ…āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§  āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇāˇ€ āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ…⎄āļšāˇ” āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē.

“āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē” āļ´āļģ⎊āļēāˇāļŊāˇāļšāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸: 2022 āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļšāˇāļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļģāļ§āˇāˇ€

2022 āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē–āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸â€“āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎚ āļ¯āˇ–⎂āļĢāļēāļ§ āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļģāļ¯āˇ’ āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąāˇāļšāļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ–⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎚ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļ´āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļŊ⎔ ⎀⎒āļē. āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ†āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē āļ‘āļē ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¯āˇāļš āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļĢāļē āļ¸āļ­ āļē⎐āļ´āˇ“āļ¸, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎚ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇ āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ”āļĸāļą āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē, āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ” ⎃āļ‚āļēāˇāļĸāļą āļēāļą āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇāļšāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ¸āļšāļ¸ āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļļāļ‚āļšāˇœāļŊ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē, āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ°āļą, āļ–⎂āļ° āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ†āˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē āļģāˇāļšāˇŠāļšāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇ„āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. COVID-19 āˇ€āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ ⎄āļģ⎒āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ ⎀⎒āļąāˇ’āļ¸āļē ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļ­ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļĢāļē āļœāˇ™āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļģ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļļāļŊ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļš āļģ⎚āļ›āˇ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚ ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’⎀āļŊāļ§ â€‹â€‹āļ‘āļšāˇŠāļģ⎜āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖⎄; āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ¯āˇāļš āˇ„āļ­āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇ™āļ¸āˇ… āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļąāļēāˇ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļœāˇƒāˇāļšāˇ‘ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļģāļ§āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāˇāļŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠāļšāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢāļšāˇ’. āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 28 āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 6 āļēāļą āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāˇŠ, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ  ⎀⎒āļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļˇāˇ€ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ‰āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļļāļŊāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļģāˇāļĸāļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ°āˇ”āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŊāˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎒ āļ…āļ­āļģ 2022 āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ 13 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ”⎄⎔āļ§ āļģāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŊāˇ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎒āļē. āļ’  āļ¸āˇœāˇ„āˇœāļ­ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ­āˇŠ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ  āļąāˇœāļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļĢ⎒.

Aragalaya
āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļ¨āˇāļˇāļē āļģāˇāļĸāļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļœāˇš āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ…āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļšāˇœāˇ…āļš āˇ€āˇ“āļ¯āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎓ āļēāļē⎒. (āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē: ⎃āļšāˇ”āļąāˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļēāˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇāļ¯ āļœāļ¸āļœāˇš |asiafoundation.org ⎀⎙āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ)

āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ… ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļēāˇ āļ­āļ¸ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠāˇ„. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇāļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ´āˇ„⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļēāļą āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀āļšāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„āļ­āˇ’āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļšāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āļą āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ§āˇ”āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē (FSP), āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ “āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠâ€ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸, āļ‘āļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļą āļ…āļēāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļģ⎐āļŠāˇ’āļšāļŊ⎊ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‡āˇƒāˇ”āļĢāļ­āˇŠ, āļ‘āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ´āˇ“āļŠāļąāļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš, āļ…āļ´āļšāˇ“āļģ⎊āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ” ⎃āļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­āļē⎚ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāļ§ āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļģāˇāļ°āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē. āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇšāļŊāļą āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļš āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇš āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļœāˇāļŊ⎔ āļ¸āˇ”⎀āļ¯āˇœāļģ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇšāˇāļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļš āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅āļ§ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠâ€“āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, IMF āļĢāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļē⎚  āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠāļšāˇāļģāļš āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļąāˇƒāļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļļāļŊāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļ…⎀āļē⎀ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸â€“āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļœāˇāļŊ⎔ āļ¸āˇ”⎀āļ¯āˇœāļģ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āˇ€āˇāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸āˇš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļšāˇ…, “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ‘āļ´āˇ, āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­â€ āļēāļą āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļģāˇāļĸāļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļ´āļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ…⎄. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļšāˇāļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀  āļąāˇ’⎀⎐āļģāļ¯āˇ’⎀ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļē: āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ¸āˇ”āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ…āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļœāˇāļ§āļŊ⎔⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āļģ⎊āļēāˇāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅  āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš, ICFI āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ…āļŸāˇ€āˇ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāˇ…⎐āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ­āļģ⎊āļšāļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļœ āˇ„āˇāļģ⎔āļĢ⎒. āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ ⎀āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ “āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą  āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āˇ€āˇš” āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļē⎔āļ° āļšāļģ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ ⎄āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ, āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. ⎄āļē ⎀āļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ°āˇ”āļģāļē āļ¯āˇāļģ⎖, āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļœāˇŠāļ°āļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļģ⎔ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģāļē⎚ āļ“āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ„, āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ°āˇ”āļģāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‘āļš āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇŠāļ¨āˇāˇāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļ­ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļĨāļē⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎖ āļģāļąāˇ’āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎒āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄ 2022 āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ 20 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ” āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ°āˇ”āļģāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš ⎀āļģāļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļ…āļ´āļœāļ¸āļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, IMF ⎄⎒ āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļēāļŽāˇ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ´āļąāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļē. IMF āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ ⎀āļą āļ´āˇžāļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļļāļ¯āˇ”āļšāļģāļĢāļē, āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ´āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āˇš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļē. āļœāˇāļŊ⎔ āļ¸āˇ”⎀āļ¯āˇœāļģ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸, ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ ⎄⎒āļ‚āˇƒāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļąāļēāˇ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀⎓āļē āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎖āļ´āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļšāļģ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļē–āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸â€“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē ⎀⎒āļē: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāˇ… āļ‘āļ¸ IMF ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇšāļ¸ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļąāļēāļœāļģ⎔āļš āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ ⎀⎒āļģ⎄⎒āļ­ āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļē⎒. “āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļšāˇāļģāļĢāļēāļē⎒” āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ⎀āļŊ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļ§ (spontaneity) āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠâ€“āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļšāˇœāļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠāļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“ ⎀⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠâ€“āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄āļģāˇ€āˇ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļēāļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ°āˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇāˇ€ āļĸāļēāļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āļšāˇ… āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔⎀ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

2022 āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ 09 āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļ¨āˇāļˇāļē āļģāˇāļĸāļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļ…āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļ¨ āļšāˇ’āļēāļą āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš “āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē” āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇš ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ.

āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāˇāļ‚āļšāˇ’āļš āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāļ āļąāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļģāļ§āˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļšāļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļŊāˇāļšāļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇ”āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļ¯āļģāˇŠāˇāˇ“ (paradigmatic) āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ”āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ”āļē–āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, WSWS āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, āļļāļ‚āļœāˇŠāļŊāˇāļ¯āˇšāˇāļē, āļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļēāˇāˇ€, āļ´āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ“āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎙āļąāļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļŊāˇ āļ† āļ…āļ āˇŠāļ āˇ”⎀āļē⎒. āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļģāļ§āˇāˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļ‚āļœāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎖āļ´āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“: IMF āļĢāļē ⎀⎄āļŊ⎊āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ€āˇ›āˇ‚āļē⎒āļš āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē; ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļš āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’⎄āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸; āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļē; āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļą â€œāļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļšâ€ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀āļšāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļŊ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’⎄āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸; āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ¯āˇšāļ´āˇ… ⎃āļļāļŗāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ ⎄⎒āļ­āˇāļ¸āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸; āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ… āļ‘āļ¸ IMF ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ  āļąāˇ€ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸. āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊ⎒āļļāļģāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎒⎀āļģāļĢ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļ¸āļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļœāˇāļŊāˇŠāˇ†āˇšāˇƒāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē⎚ “āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’” āˇƒāˇ„ “āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’” āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē, āļ§āˇ”⎆⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’, āļœāļģ⎊āļļāˇāļŠāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ–āˇ†āˇŠ āˇāˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāˇ€āļŊ āļ‰āļ§āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āˇ˜āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļēāļ¸ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‰āļ§āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē: āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļē āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāˇ ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”āˇ€â€“āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸, ICFI āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸â€“āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļļ⎒āļŗ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļē. 

āļ‘āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē–āļąāļē⎒āļģāˇāļļ⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļŠāļšāˇ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ, āļšāˇœāˇ…āļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ’āļŊāˇ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āˇ„āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē–āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. 2022 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ 28 āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļē⎒ 6 āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ 9 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļģāļēāļ§ āļšāļŠāˇ ⎀⎐āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸, āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļąāˇšāļē. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸â€“āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē ⎀⎖ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą, āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē–āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļœāˇš ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ°āˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇāˇ€ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’⎄āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļļ⎀āļ§, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāˇ… āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļ¸ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļļ⎀āļ§āļ¸, āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āˇ€āˇš.

āļ´āˇāļŠāļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē⎒āļš āļąāˇ’āļœāļ¸āļą

āˇ€āˇāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸, āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļāˇāˇ‚āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļŊāˇšāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē⎒āļš āļąāˇ’āļœāļ¸āļą āļœāˇ™āļą āļ¯āˇš.

  1. āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ­ āļšāˇāļģ⎐āļŊ⎒ āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’: āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇ āļ­āˇ”āļą āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“āļ¯āˇ’ āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ‹āļ´āļšāļģāļĢ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨āˇāļąāˇāˇ“āļŊ⎓ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļąāˇœāļąāˇāˇƒāˇ“ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒. 
  1. āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāˇ€āļŊ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇƒāļŊāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļœāļ¸āļąāļē⎒: āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļŊāļ§ āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ…āļ‚⎁ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē, āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē, āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇāļŊāļąāļē (leverage) āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎔⎄āļēāļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. ICFI āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļœāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀āļŊ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇāļąāļē (IWA-RFC), āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļē āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒.
  1. āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āˇ„āˇ āļšāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļąāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ™āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš: āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇ€ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļœāˇāļ­āˇ’ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ…āļ­āˇ˜āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąāˇāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ-āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āļģāˇāļĸāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.
  1. āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎚āļš āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļŊāˇāˇ‚āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē⎒āļš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’: āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļ‘āļšāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļēāˇāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‘āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē āļ‘āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ¸ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļē. āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’⎀āļŊāļ§ āļšāˇāļģāļŊ⎒ ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļļ⎒āļŗ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒⎀⎒āļ° āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļą āˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē ⎀⎖ āļ…āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ´āˇ’āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€ āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļē⎒.
  1. āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļĨāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ–āļģāˇŠāˇ€ āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļē⎒: āļŊ⎙āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇāļŽ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļœāˇ”āļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļŊāˇāļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎚ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē ⎀⎖, āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ ⎀⎐āļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ– ⎀⎒āļąāļēāļœāļģ⎔āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļē. “āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’” āļ¯āˇ˜āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļąāļēāļ§ āļ’āˇ€āˇ  āļąāļ­āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ¯āļ¸āļē⎒.

āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊ⎑āļ¸, āļšāˇ„ āļšāļļāˇ āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļāˇāˇ‚āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇ’⎀⎙āļą āļ´āˇœāļ¯āˇ” ⎄⎔āļē āļ´āļ§ āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āˇ˜āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇšāļ­āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāļģāļĢ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…⎀āļšāˇāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­ āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇ”āļąāļģāˇāˇ€āļģ⎊āļ­āļą āļšāˇāļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš, āˇƒāˇ€āˇ’āļĨāˇāļąāˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļē, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļŊāˇāļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸, āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļšāˇāļŊāļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ„āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āļœāļšāˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒.

⎃āļ¸āˇāļ´āˇŠāļ­āļē⎒.

āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ”⎀: 

[17] World Socialist Web Site, ‘What way forward in the struggle to bring down Macron?’ (5 April 2023) <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/04/06/pers-a06.html>   

[18] Lenin VI, What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement (1902) <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/

[19] World Socialist Web Site, ‘The capitulation of Syriza and the lessons for the working class’ (23 February 2015) <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/02/23/pers-f23.html>   

[20] World Socialist Web Site, ‘Podemos enters Spanish government: (8 January 2020) “On Tuesday, the Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) of Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez officially formed a coalition government with the pseudo-left Podemos party, the Spanish ally of Greece’s pro-austerity Syriza (“Coalition of the Radical Left”).” <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/01/08/pode-j08.html

[21] World Socialist Web Site, ‘How Syriza’s betrayals strengthened the extreme political right in Greece’ (27 June 2023) <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/06/27/etlb-j27.html> ; International Committee of the Fourth International, ‘The Political Lessons of Syriza’s Betrayal in Greece’ (13 November 2015) <https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/11/13/icfi-n13.html>  

[22] Trotsky L, The Transitional Programme: The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International (1938) <https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/> ; International Committee of the Fourth International, The Historical and International Foundations of the Socialist Equality Party  (Mehring Books 2008) <https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/foundations-us/00.html

āļĸ⎙āļąāˇŠ-Z āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē: ‘āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’’ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„ â€˜āˇ€āˇāļ¸ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§â€™ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē – 4 āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒ Read More Âģ

Drone attack

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 21 March 2026

This political report for the week of March 15-21, 2026, is compiled by thesocialist.lk based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS).

I. Imperialism and War: The Escalating Offensive Against Iran and the Middle East

The dominant political fact of the week was the accelerating US-Israeli war against Iran and the wider Middle East, now crossing into qualitatively new and more dangerous territory. The Trump administration formally requested over $200 billion in supplemental war funding from Congress — a figure that exceeds the peak annual cost of the Iraq war and dwarfs the entire US expenditure on arming Ukraine over three years. Defence Secretary Hegseth confirmed the figure could “move” upward. This astronomical request, on top of the existing $839 billion defence budget, is not a contingency measure but a preparation: the administration is actively deliberating ground-invasion scenarios, including the seizure of Kharg Island — the hub for 90 percent of Iran’s oil exports — and the securing of Iran’s enriched uranium stockpiles.[1]

Drone attack
Fire and plumes of smoke rises after a drone struck a fuel tank forcing the temporary suspension of flights. near Dubai International Airport, in United Arab Emirates, early Monday, March 16, 2026. [AP Photo/AP Photo]

The USS Tripoli,  carrying approximately 2,200 Marines of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, was confirmed steaming through the Strait of Malacca toward the Persian Gulf. Republican senators and congressmen openly called for the seizure of Kharg Island, with Senator Lindsey Graham posting: “He who controls Kharg Island, controls the destiny of this war.” US intelligence official Joe Kent resigned his post at the National Counterterrorism Center, declaring he could not “in good conscience support the ongoing war in Iran” and stating that Iran had posed no imminent threat — a rare fissure within the ruling apparatus that nonetheless does not alter imperialism’s strategic drive.[2]

The war has already produced mass civilian casualties and cultural devastation in Iran. US-Israeli air strikes struck museums, historical sites and cultural infrastructure alongside residential areas, with Iran’s Red Crescent reporting at least 47,000 residential units destroyed. The bombing of Iran’s cultural heritage is not incidental but structural: a deliberate strategy to break social cohesion and erase national memory in order to facilitate imperial domination.

Israel’s ground invasion of Lebanon opened a new and bloody front in this expanding war. Israel moved from intensive air and artillery strikes to a large-scale ground operation across southern Lebanon, with plans — confirmed by Axios — to seize the entire area south of the Litani River. Senior Israeli officials stated openly: “We are going to do what we did in Gaza.” In Lebanon, over 960 people had been killed and at least 2,400 wounded since Israel launched its assault on 2 March, including at least 110 children. The invasion is not a “border security” action but a planned occupation modelled on the genocidal campaign in Gaza, conducted under the full military and political umbrella of Washington.[3]

European powers moved to deepen their complicity. EU governments circulated conditions for participation in operations tied to the Iran war, including “freedom of navigation” missions in the Strait of Hormuz. Iran formally warned the UK that allowing US bombers to use RAF Fairford and other British bases constituted direct participation in aggression. Germany and Canada’s prime ministers attended a massive NATO Arctic exercise explicitly preparing for confrontation with Russia, demonstrating that the drive toward generalised war is not confined to the Middle East.

India’s alignment with the imperialist aggression was also exposed: New Delhi co-sponsored UN language condemning Iran’s defensive responses while refusing to condemn US-Israeli aggression, tightening military and economic ties that reflect India’s own geostrategic ambitions within the imperialist world order.

The WSWS placed the war in its broadest context: military spending on this scale will be paid for through the destruction of social programmes. Within 24 hours of the $200 billion request being confirmed, the Postmaster General warned Congress that the USPS would run out of cash within a year. Trump’s “One Big Beautiful Bill” had already imposed $1 trillion in cuts to Medicaid over a decade, $536 billion to Medicare, and $186 billion to food assistance — the largest cut to food aid in US history. War and social devastation are two arms of a single class offensive.[4]

II. The Rising Class Struggle and the Treachery of the Union Bureaucracy

The week was marked by a powerful upsurge of working-class resistance in the United States and internationally — and by the systematic efforts of trade-union bureaucracies to contain, isolate, and betray these struggles.

The JBS meatpacking strike at Greeley, Colorado entered its third day and remained the focal point of the WSWS’s class-struggle coverage. Approximately 3,800 workers — the overwhelming majority immigrants, speaking over 50 languages — struck the largest beef plant in the US in the largest meatpacking stoppage since the Hormel strike of 1985–86. Workers walked out over poverty wages (starting at $23 an hour), murderous line speeds, dangerous chemical exposures, inadequate PPE, abusive supervision, and housing abuses affecting Haitian workers lured to the plant through TikTok advertisements. As one worker stated: “We cannot continue to be worked like slaves.”[5]

The WSWS documented the central contradiction in the strike: the enormous militant energy of the rank and file, constrained and threatened by the UFCW bureaucracy. UFCW Local 7 had already signalled it would limit the strike to two weeks; the national UFCW had deliberately kept Greeley outside the 2025 national JBS contract to isolate these workers. The company moved immediately to divert cattle to its Cactus, Texas plant, with UFCW Local 540 in Cactus offering no solidarity. The IWA-RFC issued a perspective calling on workers to form independent rank-and-file strike committees, appeal to workers at every JBS facility, and build international solidarity against this Brazilian-owned multinational whose ultimate masters are BlackRock, Vanguard, and the global financial oligarchy.[6]

BP locked out approximately 900 workers at its Whiting, Indiana refinery after workers voted 98.3 percent against the company’s “last, best and final” offer. The proposed contract would have cut hourly wages by $8–$10, eliminated 100 union positions, introduced AI with no job protections, and closed the environmental department. BP moved to operate the refinery with temporary and contract workers — a dangerous provocation in a facility surrounded by residential neighbourhoods on the shore of the world’s largest freshwater body. The WSWS called for national and international solidarity and warned that the USW apparatus would seek to impose concessions.

The UAW bureaucracy’s role as “management’s enforcer” at Columbia University was exposed when Region 9A officials threatened the student workers’ local with “receivership” if it did not narrow its demands, particularly those tied to campus democratic rights. UAW presidential candidate Will Lehman condemned the apparatus’s conduct directly, calling it subordination of worker militancy to managerial and state imperatives.

The betrayal of the Kaiser Permanente strike was confirmed and deepened. The UNAC/UHCP bureaucracy had abruptly ended the 31,000-worker walkout in California and Hawaii without a contract, without a tentative agreement, and without a membership vote. A partial “settlement” cut workers’ wage demands from nearly 30 percent to 21.5 percent over four years — barely keeping pace with inflation — and secured no retroactive pay. Workers at Kaiser subsequently staged a 25,000-strong one-day sympathy strike in defence of mental healthcare. The WSWS called for a decisive “No” vote on the sellout and the formation of rank-and-file committees at every Kaiser facility.[7]

The UAW–University of California tentative agreement was similarly denounced: weak raises, preserved no-strike clauses, and a deal rushed through without adequate membership review for 48,000 UC academic workers. The WSWS called for a “No” vote and independent rank-and-file committees.

In Los Angeles, UTLA and SEIU announced a possible April 14 LAUSD strike, with thousands of educators rallying against layoffs, understaffing, and the war on Iran. The WSWS drew the sharpest lessons from the San Francisco teachers’ betrayal, where the union bureaucracy, acting hand in glove with the Democratic Party, shut down a powerful four-day strike on the district’s terms — and within days, preliminary layoff notices were issued.[8]

Other labour flashpoints included: 6,000 DHL Express Teamsters voting overwhelmingly to authorise strike action; the RMT bureaucracy calling off planned driver strikes on the London Underground without a settlement; American Axle workers speaking out against UAW betrayals ahead of contract talks; a Ford worker, Gregory Knopf, killed at the Sharonville Transmission Plant when a press machine activated during maintenance; and Australian educators at the University of Newcastle striking over real pay cuts, with a pivotal Victorian educator strike set for 24 March.

The overall pattern confirms the WSWS analysis: the trade-union bureaucracies function not as instruments of workers’ struggle but as institutional stabilisers of capitalist rule, working systematically to isolate strikes, suppress rank-and-file initiative, and subordinate workers to management and the state.

III. Austerity, Social Catastrophe and the Crisis of Capitalism

The war has not interrupted but intensified the social catastrophe capitalism imposes on the working class. The US Federal Reserve, gripped by uncertainty as the war drives oil prices upward and disrupts supply chains, admitted that its forecasts were unreliable. Fed officials were simultaneously discussing rate cuts and potential hikes — a paralysis that reveals capitalism’s inability to reconcile competing imperatives. The social costs will, as always, be borne by workers through inflation, unemployment, and austerity.[9]

Los Angeles registered six homeless deaths per day — a direct structural product of the commodification of housing and healthcare. Michigan was struck by the worst tornadoes since 1980, killing four, exposing how decades of austerity have hollowed out public infrastructure and emergency preparedness. A meningitis outbreak in the UK, linked to chronic underfunding of public health services, claimed multiple fatalities. In Australia, the central bank raised interest rates again amid recession warnings, punishing workers for inflation. Portugal’s celebrated 2025 economic “miracle” was exposed as a bourgeois construction: corporate profits rose while wages stagnated and public services deteriorated.

These are not isolated incidents but expressions of a single, systemic reality: capitalism generates wealth for the few by imposing social catastrophe on the many.

IV. Authoritarian Consolidation and Democratic Rights

The assault on democratic rights accelerated in multiple forms during the week. In North Texas, activists were convicted under sweeping “material support for terrorism” statutes for political solidarity activities — a landmark case criminalising dissent. Amazon workers were locked out of a warehouse during a tornado warning, footage showing managers denying shelter; the company prioritised property over lives.

In Australia, Queensland police arrested two protesters for displaying the slogan “from the river to the sea” under new LNP “hate speech” legislation. In Germany, cultural censorship intensified: municipal authorities moved to exclude left-wing bookshops from fairs, and the culture minister cancelled presentation of the Booksellers’ Prize at the Leipzig Book Fair under political pressure.

Italy’s Meloni government advanced judicial “reforms” — the Nordio Reform — to separate the careers of judges and prosecutors and weaken checks on executive power. The WSWS identified this not as a “technical” adjustment but as a political preparation for state suppression of mass opposition to war and austerity. Trump’s CDL Final Rule stripped approximately 200,000 immigrant truck drivers of commercial licences — a direct attack on immigrant labour designed to discipline and destabilise worker organisation.

ICE expanded its terror: hundreds of immigrants were illegally detained in Michigan; a Haitian asylum seeker died in Pittsburgh following ICE detention; ICE raids in Vermont and Kansas continued with expanded detention infrastructure.

These measures are not aberrations but the logical expression of a capitalist ruling class preparing to crush the mass opposition it knows is coming.

V. The Political Bankruptcy of Reformism and the Defence of Trotskyism

The WSWS devoted significant coverage to exposing the political role of pseudo-left and reformist formations in disorienting the working class at a moment of acute historical crisis.

Kshama Sawant was profiled and critiqued: bold socialist rhetoric combined with repeated accommodation to municipal politics and reformist outcomes that leave capitalist power structures intact. The Australian Greens’ posturing against the Iran war was exposed as performing contained dissent within parliamentary channels, providing no genuine opposition to imperialist aggression. Canada’s NDP and affiliated unions similarly offered rhetorical opposition while remaining subordinated to the framework of the capitalist state. Spanish trade unions watered down anti-war positions to avoid antagonising the PSOE government.

The Morenoite rebrand as the Permanent Revolution Current was dissected as a revisionist manoeuvre: new branding masking continuity with nationalist and opportunist politics that dilute genuine Trotskyism and derail working-class revolutionary leadership.

The London meeting of the SEP (UK)— marking the 40th anniversary of the struggle that led to the expulsion of the Workers Revolutionary Party from the ICFI — was a centrepiece of the week’s political coverage. Addressed by David North, Chris Marsden, and Peter Schwarz, the meeting reaffirmed that the 1985–86 split was a decisive defence of Trotskyism against the petty-bourgeois, nationalist, and opportunist degeneration embodied by the Healy-Slaughter-Banda leadership. The speakers drew the direct connection between the historical struggle against revisionism and the present tasks: as the ICFI argued then and reiterated in London, the survival of revolutionary leadership requires uncompromising defence of the theory of Permanent Revolution, proletarian internationalism, and programmatic clarity. David North warned that the imperialist drive toward war — in the Middle East and beyond — aims to abolish the political gains of the 20th century and can only be answered by the international, politically independent working class.[10]

The week’s events confirm the ICFI’s perspective: the objective crisis of capitalism is driving the working class toward mass resistance. The decisive question is the construction of revolutionary leadership — the building of rank-and-file committees independent of the union apparatus, their international coordination, and the development of mass socialist parties capable of transforming class struggle into a conscious political offensive for workers’ power.

[1] Trump’s $200 billion Iran spending request reveals scale of US war plans — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/20/iuck-m20.html 

[2]  US ground invasion looms as Iran war escalates — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/21/xaes-m21.html 

[3] Israel begins its long-planned ground invasion of Lebanon — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/17/yvdv-m17.html 

[4] As Trump demands $200 billion for Iran, USPS announces it will run out of money next year — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/20/myla-m20.html 

[5] “We cannot continue to be worked like slaves”: Colorado meatpacking workers strike at JBS plant — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/17/idqv-m17.html 

[6] Organize the working class to support the JBS meatpacking strike! — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/18/pers-m18.html 

[7] Kaiser strike betrayed: UNAC/UHCP ends 31,000-worker walkout, advances sellout agreement — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/19/coob-m19.html 

[8] Lessons from the San Francisco strike: How the unions, Democratic Party and pseudo-left betrayed the teachers — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/21/hbhr-m21.html 

[9] Trump’s $200 billion Iran funding request points to massive scale of war plans — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/19/qzqr-m19.html 

[10] London meeting marks 40 years since the expulsion of the Workers Revolutionary Party — https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/15/rogt-m15.html 

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 21 March 2026 Read More Âģ

IMG 0763

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ“

āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎂⎒āļŊ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 12 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜United Nations condemns Iran’s self-defence strikes amid American imperialism’s war of extermination’ āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎂⎒āļŊ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

Image Not Found
āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ„āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‡āļąāˇŠāļ§āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ āļœāˇ”āļ§āļģāˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ, 2025 ⎃⎐āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 22 ⎀āļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ UNGA ⎄⎒ 80 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģāļē āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļē⎒ [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē/āļ‡āļąāˇŠāļĸāļŊ⎒āļąāˇ āļšāļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇāļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ]

āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļļāļ¯āˇāļ¯āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļšāˇ€āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļŊāļē  (UNSC) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2817 (2026) āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃⎊āļĩāļŊ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¯āˇ“, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ āļœāļŊāˇŠāˇ†āˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇ…⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ “āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļąâ€ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āˇƒāˇ„āļ āļģāļēāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 90 āļš āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇ™āļą āļģāļ§āļ§ (āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§) ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙āļŊ⎓āļ¸ āļœāˇāļą āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ’āļēāļē⎒.

āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āˇš āļšāļŠāļ­āˇ”āļģāˇāˇ€ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļļ⎄āļģ⎚āļąāļē, āļšāˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļ§āˇŠ, āļ•āļ¸āˇāļąāļē, āļšāļ§āˇāļģ⎊, āˇƒāˇžāļ¯āˇ’ āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒āļē, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒ āļ‘āļ¸āˇ“āļģ⎊ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļ¯āˇāļąāļē āļēāļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ ⎄āļ­āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ…⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ ⎄āļ­āļ¸â€“āļļ⎄āļģ⎚āļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļļāļŊāļ‡āļĢ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļšāļ§āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ„āˇ’ āļ…āļŊ⎊ āļ‹āļŠāˇ™āļē⎒āļŠāˇŠ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§  āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒ āļ‘āļ¸āˇ“āļģ⎊ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ…āļŊ⎊ āļ°āˇ†āˇŠāļģāˇ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇâ€“āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓⎀ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āˇƒāļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģāļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ  āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ´āļēāļē⎒.  āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽ āļąāļģāļšāļąāˇŠāļąāļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļ¯āˇ’ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠāļē. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ 11 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 1,300 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­.

āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇ’āļ­ āļģāļ§āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇšÂ  āļļāļŊāļœāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀, āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļ´āˇāļē āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļģ⎓āļ­āļģ āļąāˇāļēāļš āļ…āļēāļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇšāļąāˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ›āļģ⎓ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ„āˇ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļąāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. 

āļšāˇāļ´āļ§āˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ⎀āļŊ ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‰āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇāˇ„⎐āļĢ⎔ ⎅āļ¸āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 160 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāˇ„āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļ¯āˇ“, āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āˇ„āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļģāļē ⎀⎒⎂ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊ⎙āļļāļąāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ­āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŊāˇ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļļāļŊ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļąāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ‘āˇ€āˇ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠ āļœāˇ™āļą āļąāˇāļ­.

āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯ 0āļšāˇŠ āļ¯, āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯ 13āļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎒āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāˇ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļģāļŊ⎀ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē: “āļ‘āļē āļąāˇšāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇ–āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“–āļ‘āˇƒāˇšāļ¸ āļ§āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļŸāˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļą, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’ āļšāļĢāˇŠâ€ŒāļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē ā āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.”

āļ¸āˇ™ā āˇƒāˇāˇ„āˇƒāˇ’āļš āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāļēāļ§ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļ­āļģāļ§ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ’āļģ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļļ⎄āļģ⎚āļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē, āļŠāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļšāļē, āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’āļē, āļŊ⎐āļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€, āļŊāļē⎒āļļ⎓āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€, āļ´āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļē, āļ´āˇāļąāļ¸āˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļŊ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē.

āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇšāļ° āļļāļŊāļē āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē, āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐⎅āļšāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļŠ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‘āˇƒāˇš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ„. āļšāˇāļŊāļšāļĢ⎊āļąāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ, āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļļ⎀ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. ⎃⎊āļŽāˇ“āļģ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 15 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇāˇāļ āļąāˇ“āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļœāļŊāˇ āļ‘āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļąāˇšāļ§āˇāˇ€ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļģāļ§ āˇ€āļ§āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē⎚ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ āļē⎔āļ° āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļąāˇœāļ­āļšāˇ, āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇŠāļŊ⎐āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇ“āļģ⎊ āļ´āˇ”āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ “āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āļē” āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģ āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ “āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„āļĸ⎓⎀āļąāļē” āļēāļą āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎒āļąāļē, āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļēāˇāļĸāļą āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāļ§ āļ‘⎅⎐āļšāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āˇ€āˇš āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļļāļŊāˇāļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āˇ€āˇš.

⎂⎓ āļĸ⎒āļąāˇŠāļ´āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļ āˇ“āļą āļģāļĸāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļŊ, āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāļ­āļ¸ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāļŊāļšāˇ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇƒ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āˇ€āˇ™āļ­ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāļ‚āļ āˇāļģāļēāļē⎒. āļ āˇ“āļą āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅āļšāļ§ āļ‘⎅āļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāļ§ āˇƒāļœāļēāˇ ⎀āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ§ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. 

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āļąāļƒāļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āˇ’āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļąāˇœāļœāˇāļŊāļ´āˇš. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āļąāˇ€ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇœāļŗāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘⎄⎙āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“⎀ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­. āļŠāļ§ āļ´āļ§āˇ„⎐āļąāˇ’⎀, āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ´āļĢ⎒⎀⎒āļŠāļēāļšāˇŠ āļē⎀āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇ…āļŸāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļšāˇ‘āļ¸āˇš āļŊ⎐āļēāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ¯āˇāļš āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš, āļŊ⎚ ⎀⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāļ§āļ¸ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļŽāļ¸āļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ†āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ´āļąāļēāļą āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļļāˇāļ°āļšāļē āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļšāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē āļŊāˇāļˇ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ†āļąāļēāļą āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāˇāļŊāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāļ§ āļģāļŗāˇ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎔āļŊāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇœāļŊ⎃⎊ āļ¸āļ°āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇāļģāļšāˇƒāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļšāˇ“āļšāļģ⎔ āļģ⎖āļšāļŠ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļ‘āļē ( ⎀⎙āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎔āļŊāˇāˇ€) 2026 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ āˇ“āļąāļēāļ§ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļ´āļąāļēāļąāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļļāļŊāļšāˇœāļ§āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļˇāˇ“⎂āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ™āļšāļ§ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, â€œāˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇāļ āˇāļģāļē āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ â€˜āļģāļ­āˇ” āļģ⎚āļ›āˇâ€™ āļ¸āļšāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“”. āļļāļ¯āˇāļ¯āˇ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ 2817 āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļē āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ” 140 āļšāļ§ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€āļš āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģāˇāļ­āˇ”⎀, āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āļŊ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļāˇāļ­āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ†āļē⎔āļ° āˇƒāˇāļ´āļēāˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ…⎄.

āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ ⎀āļą āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļšāˇ”āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒. ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļŊ⎊ āļļ⎐āļŗāļœāļąāˇ“.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āˇāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ­āˇāļąāļšāļ¸ āļ‘āļš āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļ¸āˇš ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ‹āļģāˇŠāˇƒāˇ”āļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇœāļąāˇŠ āļŠāļģ⎊ āļŊ⎚āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļēāļ§ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļŊāˇāļš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅āļ§, āļœāˇ™āˇ€āˇ“ āļœāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎅⎒ āļąāˇœāļ‘āļą āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļšāļ§ āļˇāˇāļģāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšâ€. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇš āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āļ…⎀⎒ āļœāļļāļŠāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ…⎀⎒ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļœāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇ–⎀ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļē⎔āļģāˇ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļš āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļē⎀⎐āļē⎀āļŊ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļļāļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āˇāļ§āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ, āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇ–āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀āļŊāļ§ āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āļœ āļ´āˇāļ¯āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. 

āļ­āļģāļŸāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃āļļāļŗāļ­āˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎒āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ “āļļ⎄⎔āļ°āˇŠâ€āļģ⎐⎀” āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎀⎅āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚⎄⎒ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāļē āļ¸āˇāļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’.

āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 30 āļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļēāˇ, āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­  āļšāˇ…āˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļšāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗāļ´āˇœāˇ…āļ§ āˇƒāˇāļ¯āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§āļ¸ āļ’āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠāˇ„.āļ‘āļ¯āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ¯āļ­āˇŠ, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸, āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļœāˇāļ§āˇš. āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāļ§ āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļē⎒. 

āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ 1930 āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļšāˇāļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļēāļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ†āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ†āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļģāˇ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’⎀ āļēāļ­āˇŠāļ¸, āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇš āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļēāļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ, āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļģ⎊āļąāˇŠāļē ( 3āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē⎚ ⎀āļģāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āˇƒāļļāļŗāļ­āˇ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļŸāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ 1936 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļ§āˇ”āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ āļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļŊ⎒⎀⎓āļē: “āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊ⎓āļœāļē â€˜āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļēāˇšâ€™ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇš āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļļ⎄⎔āļ­āļģāļē āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ â€˜āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅, āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇŠāļšāˇš, āļ…āļ¯ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­āˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄⎙āļ§ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ†āļ°āˇāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒ .”

āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ‰āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ”āļąāˇŠāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ (webinar) āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ “āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē, āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.”

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇ’āˇāˇāļąāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē UNSC āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āˇ€āˇš. āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļ…⎀āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļģāļĸāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ  āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ‘āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀ ⎀āļą āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ“ Read More Âģ

IMG 0756

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 14 March 2026

This political report for the week of March 8-14, 2026, is compiled based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS).

I. Imperialism and War: The US-Israeli Assault on Iran Enters Its Third Week

The dominant political fact of the week was the accelerating and catastrophic escalation of the illegal US-Israeli war against Iran, now in its second and third week. The situation compels the sharpest analysis: this is not a limited military operation but the most dangerous eruption of imperialist aggression since the Second World War.

Image Not Found
The aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and the fast combat support ship USNS Supply transit the Strait of Hormuz, Dec. 14, 2023. [Photo: Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Keith Nowak]

The week opened with Pentagon statements and press reports confirming that the Trump administration is actively preparing a ground invasion of Iran. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent announced on 13 March that the Navy would begin escorting commercial vessels through the Strait of Hormuz — a waterway just 21 miles wide at its narrowest point, within direct range of Iranian anti-ship missiles — placing American forces on the threshold of open naval combat.[1] Secretary of War Pete Hegseth, in language stripped of all diplomatic pretence, declared the Strait “will not be allowed to remain contested.” By 14 March, the WSWS confirmed preparations for what it characterised as a potential Gallipoli-scale ground campaign that would engulf the entire region and carry a real risk of nuclear escalation.[2]

The human toll already documented is staggering. A Pentagon investigation, corroborated by open-source analysis and reported by the WSWS on 12 March, confirmed that a US Tomahawk missile struck the Shajarah Tayyebeh girls’ elementary school in Minab on 28 February during the opening strike package, killing at least 150–175 schoolgirls aged 7 to 12.[3] Trump responded not with accountability but with a brazen lie, telling reporters the school was destroyed by Iran. By 11 March, the total death toll had surpassed 1,255, with over 12,000 wounded and nearly 20,000 civilian structures damaged, including 77 healthcare centres and 69 schools. Iran remains under near-total internet blackout. Israel simultaneously launched a renewed ground incursion into Lebanon, ordered the evacuation of over 100 villages and the entire Dahiyeh district of Beirut, and has killed more than 600 people and displaced 800,000. Gaza’s total siege was intensified on 1 March with the closure of all border crossings.[4]

Iran closed the Strait of Hormuz within days of the war’s outbreak on 28 February. Shipping traffic has plummeted more than 90 percent. Zero LNG tankers passed through in the week under review. The four largest container shipping lines in the world — Maersk, MSC, Hapag-Lloyd and CMA CGM — have suspended all operations. Oil surged above $120 a barrel, and the International Energy Agency described it as the largest supply disruption in the history of the global oil market.[5] Global financial markets experienced wild swings throughout the week, with oil shocks cascading into bond markets and risk-asset volatility threatening systemic instability.

European imperialism joined the coalition. On 12 March, the WSWS documented how France, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy and Greece moved to deploy warships toward the Middle East, with Macron announcing the Charles de Gaulle carrier would ultimately participate in “restoring freedom of navigation” through the Strait — in all but name, a declaration of war against Iran by the European powers.[6] On 12 March, German Foreign Minister Wadephul visited Israel, publicly endorsing US-Israeli war aims. The UN Security Council, on 13 March, passed Resolution 2817 condemning Iran’s retaliatory strikes while entirely failing to condemn the US-Israeli bombardment; Russia and China abstained, allowing the resolution to pass, exposing the imperialist character of all these multilateral institutions.

The WSWS ICFI emergency webinar on 10 March convened thousands internationally to outline a socialist anti-war strategy. The SEP and IYSSE held an urgent public meeting in Colombo on 17 March to explain the geo-strategic roots of the assault and to build the foundations of an independent international working-class anti-war movement.[7] Workers and students across Sri Lanka were interviewed by SEP and IYSSE campaigners, showing deep opposition to the war and Sri Lanka’s own exposure as a conduit for US imperialism, documented by a leaked US State Department cable revealing that Colombo acted at US and Israeli insistence to detain Iranian sailors and restrict their return.[8]

II. Working-Class Opposition to the War and Bureaucratic Containment

The breadth of working-class opposition to the war was documented in a series of significant WSWS reports. London postal workers at Mount Pleasant Mail Centre and bus drivers at West London garages spoke candidly with SEP campaigners. Workers made the direct connection between imperialist war and capitalist exploitation: “We’re fighting this war for the banks,” said one bus driver; “They treat Iran as a petrol pump,” said another.[9] Workers identified the need for a general strike but raised the central obstacle: union bureaucracies and the threat of scabbing.

Thousands marched in central London on 8 March, but the WSWS exposed how the Palestine Coalition — Stop the War, the PSC, CND — directed this mass anti-war energy into futile appeals to Prime Minister Keir Starmer and parliamentary pressure, reproducing the same political dead end that allowed the Gaza genocide to proceed and now facilitates Britain’s participation in the Iran assault.[10] Workers’ testimony at the demonstration expressed far sharper sentiments — “it’s always money and power” — than the platform politics of reformist organisers.

The same crisis of leadership was exposed in the response of British trade union bureaucracies. Eighteen union general secretaries issued a joint statement condemning the war but called only for diplomacy and appeals to government, making no call for workplace action, no strike, no industrial disruption. The TUC similarly confined itself to platitudes. The WSWS identified this as a classical function of the union apparatus: containing and defusing opposition while channelling mass sentiment back toward the very institutions that enable war.

The UK Labour government of Keir Starmer moved simultaneously to ban the Al-Quds Day march in London — an authoritarian measure against mass anti-war protest — and to slash asylum rights and expand anti-migrant enforcement, fusing war policy with internal repression and xenophobia to discipline the working class.

The Jacobin magazine was criticised by the WSWS for publishing commentary that soft-pedalled opposition to the war and subordinated anti-war rhetoric to accommodation with US imperialist strategy — a clear example of the pseudo-left’s function in disarming the working class politically. Similarly, New Zealand pseudo-left forces organised a meeting titled “No War With Iran” that provided platforms to Labour, the Greens and union officials — figures who have actively supported NZ’s integration into US military alliances.[11]

In the United States, Detroit autoworkers interviewed by the WSWS gave expression to a deepening politicisation: workers compared Trump and Hegseth to Nazis and linked rising fuel prices and job insecurity directly to imperialist war. “The working class has to stop the war,” one worker stated, adding that if the Italians could hold a general strike, Americans could too.[12] The bipartisan character of imperialism was starkly confirmed: 21 House Democrats provided the decisive margin to pass a $1.2 trillion spending bill funding the military through September 2026, and leading Senate Democrats expressed the private conviction that Iran “ultimately needed to be dealt with militarily.” The US media simultaneously normalised strikes, massacres and war crimes.

III. Austerity, Corporate Offensive and Class Struggle

The week provided stark evidence that the capitalist offensive against the working class intensifies in direct proportion to the escalation of war.

Volkswagen Group CEO Oliver Blume announced a further intensification of the company’s jobs massacre: 50,000 positions to be eliminated in Germany alone, broken down as 35,000 at the core VW brand, 7,500 at Audi, 1,900 at Porsche and 1,600 at the software subsidiary Cariad. The IG Metall works council chair Daniela Cavallo immediately signalled her support, even floating armaments production as a future for threatened plants.[13] The WSWS draws the necessary conclusion: this is a class offensive in which the trade union apparatus functions not as a defender of workers but as a co-manager of capitalist restructuring, with IG Metall representatives personally enriched for their services as supervisory board members.

In the US healthcare sector, the six-month strike by 750 nurses and case workers at Henry Ford Genesys Hospital in Grand Blanc, Michigan, continued under intense management strikebreaking and pressure from the Teamsters bureaucracy to settle on employer terms. Simultaneously, approximately 10,000 Corewell Health nurses across Michigan voted on strike authorisation over essentially identical issues of unsafe staffing, wages and patient safety — a potential combined struggle of nearly 11,000 healthcare workers that the Teamsters apparatus has deliberately prevented from forming.[14]

BP Whiting refinery workers overwhelmingly rejected a six-year concessionary contract that would have cut wages by $8–10 per hour, eliminated roughly 100 jobs, expanded contractor use and permitted AI implementation without protections. The International Workers Alliance of Rank-and-File Committees called for national coordination to defeat the employer’s attempt to use Whiting as a pattern for the industry.[15] Colorado meatpacking workers announced a coordinated strike — the largest in the sector in 40 years — over pay, safety and contracts, demonstrating significant industrial leverage in critical supply chains.

At the University of California system, 40,000 academic workers had voted 93.3 percent for strike authorisation but were kept on the job by UAW Local 4811 officials even after contracts expired on 1 March. Around 600 picketers at Berkeley and 300 at UCLA held “last chance” pickets to no avail — the UAW bureaucracy prioritised institutional accommodation over enforcing the democratic mandate of its members. In San Diego, deep education budget shortfalls produced hundreds of classified layoffs; union leaders, having previously authorised strikes, called them off and enabled the cuts to proceed. The UK Labour government’s SEND “reform” — gutting support for children with special educational needs — was exposed as a classical austerity attack dressed in the language of “efficiency.”

Tesla’s GrÃŧnheide plant in Berlin saw IG Metall-backed works council candidates defeated in elections, signalling real erosion of bureaucratic control and a potential opening for genuine rank-and-file organisation.

IV. Authoritarian Consolidation and Democratic Rights

The authoritarian dimensions of the ruling class’s response to social crisis deepened across multiple fronts during the week.

The Trump administration nominated far-right Senator Markwayne Mullin to lead the Department of Homeland Security, a move that won tacit bipartisan accommodation including from sections of the Teamsters leadership — a demonstration of how the union apparatus colludes in the expansion of the repressive state. Trump also moved to push federal voter suppression and anti-transgender legislation, using “culture war” pretexts to divide and weaken the working class.

ICE arrested dozens of Amazon Flex couriers — predominantly immigrant gig workers — in southeast Michigan, using enforcement actions to discipline a precarious and fragmented workforce. Letters from detained children at a Texas immigration facility described nine months of abuse and conditions amounting to torture. Canada’s Liberal government maintained the Safe Third Country Agreement with the US, forcing asylum seekers back into a country conducting mass deportations.

The Academy Awards, the BAFTA and Brit Award ceremonies all became sites of cultural censorship: broadcasters cut or bleeped artists’ anti-genocide statements, reflecting coordinated ruling-class pressure to enforce ideological conformity on imperialist war. The Toronto Film Critics Association faced internal collapse over the same censorship of pro-Palestinian speech. In Kazakhstan, authorities demolished a building historically associated with Leon Trotsky — an act of state erasure of revolutionary memory reflecting the reactionary character of post-Soviet nationalist regimes.

Istanbul’s elected Mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu faced politically motivated trials in Turkey — instruments of the bourgeois state used to suppress political opposition while maintaining the fiction of democratic legitimacy.

V. The Political Bankruptcy of Reformism and Pseudo-Leftism

The week provided abundant evidence of the political bankruptcy of all forms of reformism and pseudo-left politics in the face of imperialist war and capitalist crisis.

In Germany, the SPD suffered a major collapse in the Baden-WÃŧrttemberg state elections — the logical outcome of years of administering austerity and rearmament while posturing as a workers’ party. This is not an isolated setback but a symptom of the organic crisis of social democracy across the capitalist world. The parallel trajectory of the UK Labour Party — waging imperialist war, banning protests, cutting migrant rights and attacking SEND provision — confirms that these parties are instruments of capitalist rule, not vehicles for reform.

Argentina’s President Milei delivered a reactionary congressional address, with pseudo-left forces offering complicity or silence — exposing once again how middle-class “left” formations capitulate before reaction when it is in power. In New Zealand, the Labour Party and Greens issued perfunctory criticisms of the Iran war while continuing every policy that integrates New Zealand into US strategic structures. Trump’s “Shield of the Americas” summit militarised Latin America under US leadership, with comprador regimes across the hemisphere lining up behind Washington.

The six-year anniversary of COVID-19 was marked by the WSWS with a sober reckoning: the pandemic’s enormous ongoing death toll and the media’s near-total silence reflect the ruling class’s deliberate abandonment of public health as a social responsibility — the same logic now governing the conduct of a war that has killed over a thousand civilians and destroyed hospitals, schools and healthcare infrastructure in Iran.

Summing-up 

The week ending 14 March 2026 crystallises the historical crisis of the capitalist system with extraordinary clarity. The US-Israeli war on Iran is not an aberration but the concentrated expression of imperialist rivalry, capitalist decline and the drive of the ruling class toward authoritarian rule at home and military barbarism abroad. The massive scale of opposition — in London and Frankfurt, among US autoworkers and nurses, among students in Australia and Sri Lanka — demonstrates the objective social force that exists to stop the war. What is missing is not mass sentiment but revolutionary political leadership. The building of rank-and-file committees in workplaces, independent of union bureaucracies, and the construction of sections of the ICFI as the political leadership of the international working class is not an abstract prescription — it is the urgent requirement of this historical moment.

[1] Treasury Secretary Bessent announces Strait of Hormuz naval escorts: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/13/vpgn-m13.html

[2] Trump is planning a ground invasion of Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/14/zchg-m14.html

[3] Trump threatens ground troops, assassinations in escalating Iran war: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/09/dhei-m09.html

[4] US media and Democratic Party enable Trump’s war of extermination against Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/11/dkif-m11.html

[5] Iran death toll surges past 1,200 as Israel bombs two more schools: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/06/weph-m06.html

[6] European imperialism joins the illegal US-Israeli war on Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/12/lgjr-m12.html

[7] SEP/IYSSE Colombo public meeting announcement: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/09/xwus-m09.html

[8] US memo exposes Sri Lankan “humanitarian” posturing over Iranian sailors: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/11/ocid-m11.html

[9] “We are fighting this war for the banks”: London post and transport workers: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/08/tpoz-m08.html

[10] London demonstration against Iran war deflected into appeals to Starmer: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/08/ntnd-m08.html

[11] NZ pseudo-left meeting promotes Labour, Greens and unions: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/14/tuye-m14.html

[12] “The working class has to stop the war”: US workers denounce war with Iran: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/10/fbnv-m10.html

[13] VW Group increases job cuts to 50,000: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/13/yibx-m13.html

[14] Henry Ford Genesys walkout enters 6th month, Corewell nurses vote on strike: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/11/qjvr-m11.html

[15] BP Whiting workers reject concessions contract: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/12/xxxx-m12.html

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 14 March 2026 Read More Âģ

IMG 0750

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 7 March 2026

This political report for the week of March 1-7, 2026, is compiled based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS.org).

I. Imperialism and War: The US-Israeli War of Extermination Against Iran

The defining political reality of the week ending 7 March 2026 is the continuation and intensification of the criminal US-Israeli war of annihilation against Iran, which entered its second week with a mounting toll of devastation and an explicit escalation of imperialist objectives.

On 7 March, President Donald Trump declared publicly that there would be “no deal with Iran except UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER”—the most extreme formulation yet of American war aims, signalling the intention to wage permanent war until Iranian society is physically destroyed.[1] Trump spelled out the content of this demand in genocidal terms: surrender means either that Iran announces it, “or when they can’t fight any longer because they don’t have anyone or anything to fight with.” The White House simultaneously raised the prospect of direct deployment of US ground troops inside Iran. These are not the statements of a government seeking a diplomatic settlement. They are the declarations of an imperialist power pursuing regime change and the neo-colonial subjugation of a nation of 90 million people.

Image Not Found
Plumes of smoke rise as strikes hit the city during the illegal US–Israeli military campaign in Tehran, Iran, Thursday, March 5, 2026. [AP Photo/Vahid Salemi]

By week’s end, more than 1,200 Iranians had been killed, including 200 children, and over 12,000 wounded. Nearly 30 clinical facilities had been damaged and 10 forced to close. Israeli strikes had reopened a major offensive in Lebanon, with blanket evacuation orders issued for the Dahiyeh district of Beirut and Israeli ground forces crossing into southern Lebanon. The WSWS/SEP statement “Stop the criminal US-Israeli war against Iran!” framed the offensive as an expression of capitalist imperialist rivalry—chiefly the drive by US imperialism to reassert global hegemony against its rivals, above all China, and to seize control of the world’s principal oil-exporting region.[2] The assault was launched while US-Iranian negotiators were still meeting in Geneva—a deliberate deception exposing the pretence of diplomacy as a cover for aggression.

The most egregious single crime of the week was the torpedoing of the unarmed Iranian naval frigate IRIS Dena in the Indian Ocean on 4 March—a war crime committed without warning in international waters, thousands of miles from any combat theatre.[3] The vessel had participated in India’s International Fleet Review 2026 and the multinational MILAN 2026 exercises at Visakhapatnam, invited alongside 73 other nations including the United States. The exercise rules prohibited munitions. The IRIS Dena was unarmed and homeward bound when a US submarine attacked it without warning, sending more than 140 sailors to the bottom of the Indian Ocean. The crime was then celebrated at a Pentagon press briefing by the Secretary of War himself. Confirmation that Australian naval personnel were aboard the submarine directly implicated the Albanese Labor government in the commission of a war crime.[4]

The complicity of imperialist governments was total. Germany’s Chancellor Friedrich Merz declared support for the assault, stating that Israel was doing “the dirty workâ€Ļ for all of us.” The G7 issued a statement casting Iran as the aggressor and greenlighting further escalation. France’s Emmanuel Macron deployed the carrier Charles de Gaulle and other assets to the eastern Mediterranean without a pretence of parliamentary debate. Britain’s Keir Starmer was exposed by leaked National Security Council documents as having been informed of the initial strikes more than two weeks in advance and as having worked with Washington to craft legal cover for British participation. Spain initially postured with anti-war rhetoric under Prime Minister SÃĄnchez, then rapidly dispatched the frigate CristÃŗbal ColÃŗn to the eastern Mediterranean after Trump threatened to cut off US-Spanish trade—a graphic illustration of how bourgeois anti-war posturing evaporates the moment imperialist pressure is applied. Japan, New Zealand, Canada, and Australia similarly endorsed US and Israeli war aims. Washington announced that the US Navy would begin escorting commercial tankers through the Strait of Hormuz—a dramatic escalation placing American warships directly off the Iranian coast—while the US announced further medium-range missile deployments to the Philippines as part of the broader strategic encirclement of China.

The WSWS warned that oil price surges and shipping disruptions through the Strait of Hormuz would deepen the global economic crisis, imposing severe costs through inflation, job losses, and intensified austerity. Asian markets took major losses, with semiconductor and export sectors particularly hard hit.

II. Authoritarian Consolidation and State Repression

The war abroad proceeded in lockstep with an intensification of repression at home and across the capitalist world.

In the United States, a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing exposed the bipartisan character of anti-immigrant repression: DHS Secretary Kristi Noem defended ICE killings and refused to apologise, while Democratic senators simultaneously resisted calls for the abolition of ICE and CBP. The Trump administration seized immigrant student Ellie Aghayeva from Columbia University, illustrating the militarisation of campuses. A Nashville journalist was detained by ICE while documenting immigration raids—a direct assault on press freedom and the suppression of coverage of state violence. Republicans exploited a shooting in Austin to inflame anti-Muslim hysteria and push for expanded DHS funding. ICE detention conditions continued to claim lives, with the death of immigrant detainee Nenko Gantchev in a Michigan facility exposing the Democratic Party’s “oversight” as a façade sustaining rather than restraining a murderous apparatus. Florida carried out the execution of Billy Leon Kearse, part of a resumed pattern of state executions targeting the poor and racialised. Charges against Chinese researchers at the University of Michigan were dismissed, but the politicised “China spy” witch hunt on campuses intensified—serving as a tool of geopolitical scaremongering.

In Germany, the Cologne Administrative Court handed a legal victory to the far-right Alternative for Germany, demonstrating that bourgeois legalism shields rather than curtails fascist organisation. Germany simultaneously announced plans for the largest military buildup on the European continent since World War II and advanced sweeping new restrictions on migrants and refugees. France’s state moved to designate MÊlenchon’s LFI as “extreme left”—deploying legal categories to justify the repression of political opposition. Germany’s government also attempted to police political expression at the Berlinale film festival, censoring critical voices while promoting its own geopolitical line.

In Kenya, President Ruto’s government arrested a popular TikToker for satirical content and detained left activists including Communist Party leader Booker Omole. A Birmingham Labour council secured a High Court injunction to prevent solidarity with striking bin workers—proof that Labour administrations function as instruments of capitalist class power regardless of their electoral base.

III. Austerity, the Global Economy, and Class Attacks

The Iran war triggered immediate and severe global economic shocks whose costs landed on the working class. Oil prices surged sharply. Asian markets fell heavily, with semiconductor sectors and export industries facing supply chain disruptions. These consequences prefigure a deepening global economic crisis to be paid for through inflation, rising fuel costs, and intensified austerity.

In Philadelphia, a $2.8 billion “Master Plan” proposed shuttering 18 schools—the commodification of public education in service of capital. In Australia, the South Australian election exposed billions being funnelled into AUKUS war spending while public education and housing budgets collapsed. The housing crisis deepened as government pledges proved hollow and market-led demolitions displaced working-class communities.

Tech industry executives boasted about AI-driven mass layoffs, celebrating workforce reductions as shareholder value creation—automation deployed to eliminate jobs and intensify exploitation. The United Steelworkers’ refinery contract was exposed as locking in uninterrupted fuel flows benefiting oil company profits and, indirectly, the war itself. Canada Post’s proposed settlement, endorsed by union leadership, sacrificed job security to protect corporate interests. Severe drought in the US Southwest deepened conflicts over water rights, with environmental crisis produced by the capitalist profit drive being weaponised to discipline labour.

The WSWS placed these developments in the framework of capitalist crisis: war and austerity as twin fronts of the same ruling-class offensive, financed by cuts to Medicaid, Social Security, and every social programme workers depend on for survival.

IV. Class Struggle and Bureaucratic Betrayal

The week documented significant episodes of working-class resistance alongside the systematic effort of union bureaucracies to contain and strangle that resistance.

In Lorain County, Ohio, 140 Job and Family Services workers entered their third week of strike action over wages, staffing, and healthcare.[5] Workers described being paid poverty wages so low that some qualified for the very social benefits they administered to clients. Starting pay was as low as $15 an hour for caseworkers handling Medicaid, SNAP, and childcare assistance. The UAW bureaucracy was exposed as isolating the strike and refusing to call for unified action with JFS workers across Ohio. Contract faculty at New York University announced an official strike date over wages, job security, and academic precarity. Entertainment industry workers continued their walkout against studios over pay, AI-driven job displacement, and conditions.

In Germany, the train drivers’ union leadership agreed to a contract imposing real wage cuts—a textbook act of bureaucratic betrayal, with the union apparatus functioning as a stabilising mechanism for capital against its own members. IG Metall leadership at Bosch moved to suppress internal opposition from workers challenging concessions. The Hanover trial of Deutsche Bahn over the death of rail apprentice Simon Hedemann put corporate cost-cutting on record as directly responsible for a young worker’s life.

Victorian early childhood educators in Australia struck for the second time in a campaign for pay parity and adequate staffing. Turkish miners broke through gendarmerie barricades and seized control of a mine in a militant wildcat action—demonstrating the latent social power of the working class when it acts independently of bureaucratic constraint. Workers’ struggle roundups across the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific documented recurring disputes over wages, conditions, and privatisation at every point on the globe.

The US trade union bureaucracy’s silence over the Iran war was the subject of specific WSWS analysis. The AFL-CIO and the great majority of union federations issued no statements against the assault, leaving the working-class majority politically unorganised at the very moment when its industrial power—in ports, logistics, transport, and production—could be decisive in disrupting the war machine. In Quebec, trade union federations renewed their alliance with the Parti QuÊbÊcois even as the PQ embraced anti-immigrant, pro-business, and far-right positions. The WSWS condemned this as a fundamental betrayal of class independence—channelling working-class anger into bourgeois nationalism that defends capitalist interests and legitimises anti-immigrant scapegoating. Ontario students protested cuts to the Ontario Student Assistance Program, linking educational austerity to the broader class offensive.

V. The Political Bankruptcy of Reformism and the Pseudo-Left

The week provided abundant and unambiguous evidence of the political bankruptcy of every reformist and pseudo-left formation.

Germany’s Left Party chairman Jan van Aken celebrated the assassination of Iranian leaders—“May Khamenei rot in hell”—while nominally condemning the war as criminal and illegal. The WSWS exposed this as the characteristic method of pseudo-left politics: verbal criticism combined with legitimisation of imperialism’s aims and outcomes. Spain’s PSOE-Sumar government demonstrated in miniature how the entire social-democratic tradition operates: SÃĄnchez’s “No to war” posture collapsed the moment Washington applied economic pressure, exposing it as a political calculation to contain domestic opposition rather than a genuine break with NATO.

Venezuela’s Chavista leadership reached a diplomatic normalisation with the United States on terms handing Wall Street access to Venezuelan oil, gold, and critical minerals—reproducing dependency under the banner of “stability.” Australia’s Albanese Labor government endorsed the assault within three hours of Trump’s announcement, was directly implicated in the sinking of the IRIS Dena through AUKUS personnel, and used the ASEAN Special Summit in Melbourne to deepen Australia’s integration into US war planning against China. Congress voted down resolutions to restrict war powers, confirming that the US legislative apparatus—across both parties—has become an instrument of imperialist policy. Legalistic remedies within the framework of the bourgeois state cannot stop imperialist war. Baden-WÃŧrttemberg’s state election campaign offered workers nothing but competing concessions to big business, confirming that electoral competition between bourgeois parties produces only distributional jockeying for capital’s benefit.

VI. The Revolutionary Tasks of the Working Class

The week ending 7 March 2026 demonstrates with stark clarity the inseparability of imperialist war, domestic austerity, state repression, and the betrayal of the working class by union bureaucracies and pseudo-left formations. Every capitalist government—“Labour,” “Socialist,” “social-democratic,” or conservative—is serving the same ruling-class interests: expanding militarism, imposing austerity, repressing dissent.

American workers captured the class consciousness at the heart of the anti-war sentiment: “We have more in common with the Iranian people than we do with billionaires.” Detroit autoworkers declared, “We shouldn’t be bombing people, period.” This sentiment must be developed into a politically conscious, internationally organised movement that breaks decisively from the trade union bureaucracies, Labour and social-democratic parties, and pseudo-left formations that have lined up behind imperialist war.

The WSWS and the ICFI call on workers and youth to build rank-and-file committees independent of the union apparatus, forge international coordination and join the Socialist Equality Parties to fight for the socialist and revolutionary strategy alone capable of stopping the war and overthrowing the capitalist system that produces it.

Footnotes

[1] “Trump demands unconditional surrender from Iran as war enters second week,” WSWS, 7 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/07/uxtr-m07.html 

[2] “Stop the criminal US-Israeli war against Iran!” WSWS / SEP National Committee, 2 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/02/ulqw-m02.html 

[3] “Mass murder in the Indian Ocean: The torpedoing of the IRIS Dena,” WSWS, 6 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/06/poyw-m06.html 

[4] “Australian naval personnel involved in US sinking of Iranian ship: Oppose the pro-imperialist Labor government and war against Iran!” WSWS / Socialist Equality Party (Australia), 7 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/07/bckg-m07.html 

[5] “Lorain County, Ohio family service workers strike enters third week: ‘We are fighting everyone’,” WSWS, 7 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/07/mxws-m07.html 

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 7 March 2026 Read More Âģ

Scroll to Top