Oligarchy

IMG 0767

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 15 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜The war against Iran will intensify the class struggle’ āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāˇ‚āˇ†āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇāˇāļģ⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

āļĸāˇāˇ‚āˇ†āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇāˇāļģ⎊ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

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2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 4 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ§āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļšāˇāļ´āļ§āˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļē⎒

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āˇ„āļģāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļšāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāˇƒāˇŠâ€ŒāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļšāˇœāļŊāļģāˇāļŠāˇ ⎄⎒ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļŊ⎒ ⎄⎒ āļĸ⎚āļļ⎓āļ‘āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāˇ„āļŊ⎚ āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āˇƒāˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ 3,800 āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ āļ‡āļ­.  āļ¯āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļąāˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ´āˇ… āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļ§ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 99 āļšāˇŠ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ„. āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇƒāˇāļ§āˇ ⎄⎒ āļ”āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ 1985-86 āˇ„āˇāļ¸āˇ™āļŊ⎊ (Hormel) ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āˇƒāˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļ¸āˇ™āļē āˇ€āˇš. 

āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļŊ⎒ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇŠ ⎄āļē⎒āļ§āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļŊ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ‘āļ­āļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎒ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀⎄āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.  āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš āˇ„āˇ, āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ„. āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļŊ⎒ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ°āˇ›āļģ⎊āļēāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨āˇāļąāļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļļāļŗāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļ⎒āļšāˇ” āļšāļģāļē⎒.

āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āˇƒāˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎒āļ¸ āļ­āˇ”⎅āļē. ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āˇ„āˇ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļģ⎊āļ´āˇ’āļŊāˇāļšāˇāļģ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” āļļ⎄⎔⎀⎒āļ° āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇ€āˇš. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇ” āļšāļŊāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļšāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ¯āˇāļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯āˇāļš āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ ⎃āļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļģāļĸāļē āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļē, āļ āˇ“āļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ°āˇāˇ€āļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āļ‡āļ­.

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāˇāļ°āļšāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļē⎒. āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļ¸, āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļŊ⎒ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē 1898 ⎃⎊āļ´āˇāļ¤āˇŠāļ¤-āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āˇ– āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ…⎀āļ´āˇāļ­āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļē; āˇƒāˇāļģāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ…āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē ⎀⎒āļēāļ āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ™āˇ„āˇŠāˇ€āˇŠ 1904 āļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļ´āˇāļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļ¸āˇāļŠāļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ™āļ§āˇ’, āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāˇ„āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇš āļģāļ§āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇšāļē” āļēāļą āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āļē. 1905 ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļ¸ āļœāļĢāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ”āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒.

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀āļĢāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¯āˇ™āļš āˇ€āˇš. 1914 āļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ”āˇ€āˇš, āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ‘āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļ¸āļē⎚ (nationalist patriotism) āļœāˇ’āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ¸ 1917 āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāļœāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ, ⎄⎒āļ§āˇŠāļŊāļģ⎊āļœāˇš āļąāˇœāļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒āļšāļģāļĢāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„, āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļĨ āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇšāˇƒāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ “āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…⎀⎔āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē” āˇ€āˇ…āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļē āļēāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓āļē.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āļ´āˇ“āļŠāļą āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļ⎒āļšāˇ” āˇ€āˇš. 2026 āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļ¯āˇ™āļš āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļ¯āˇāļģ⎖ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ…⎔ ⎃āļŊāļšāˇ āļļāļŊāļąāˇŠāļą. āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāˇ€āļŊāļ¯āˇ“, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ â€œāļąāˇ āļšāˇ’āļ‚āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠâ€ (āļģāļĸ⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ´āˇ!) āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāļŊ⎒⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎖ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ™āļŊ⎀⎓ āļœāˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļģāļšāļē ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ-āˇāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ´āˇāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎙āļ­ āˇ†āˇ™āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļ†āļœāļ¸āļą (ICE) āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ 3,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 7 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą ICE āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠāˇ€ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 23 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇƒ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļēāˇ, -30°F āļš āˇƒāˇ“āļ­āļŊāļ§ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇ™āˇ…āļ´āˇāˇ…⎒ āļœāˇ’āļē⎄. āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“, āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ´āˇ„⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ [āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ] āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ™āļą āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē.

āļŠāļ§, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ICE āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎚āļœāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ (CBP) ⎄⎒ āļœāˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļ´āˇ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē ⎀⎖āļē⎚ āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ āļœāˇ’āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, 2026 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ 48 āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎜āļ¸āˇŠāļļ⎒āļēāˇ āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇŠāļšāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇŠāļš 236 āļš āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ 334 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļĢ⎒.

āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸāļ¸, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļ‹āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠ āļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģāļē⎚, ⎄⎙āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ 15,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļģāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. 2026 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇƒ 26 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļšāļēāˇ’āˇƒāļģ⎊ āļ´āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āˇš ⎄⎒ ⎄⎙āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 31,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāˇžāļ›āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļšāˇāļŊāˇ’āˇ†āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ„āˇ€āˇāļē⎒ ⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 9 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠ āˇ†āˇŠâ€āļģ⎐āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ āļœāˇ”āļģ⎔⎀āļģ⎔āļąāˇŠ 6,400 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļšāˇ…⎄.

⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļ†āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļēāˇāļ¸, āļ¯āˇāļš āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ­ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ– ⎀⎒āļģ⎖ āļ°āļą āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļŊ⎚ ⎀⎐āļšāˇ’ āļģ⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ´āˇ„āļ­ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ™āļą āļĸ⎓⎀āļą āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ…āļąāˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇžāļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āļĢāļē āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ„āˇ āļ­āˇ’āļģāˇƒāˇāļģ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģāļē⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀āļą āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ āļœāˇ’āļŊ āļ¯āļ¸āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ‹āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ¸āļąāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāļąāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.

⎀āļģāļ¯āļšāļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎖ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ”  āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē, āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē⎚ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎛āļģ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎚. āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ…āļœ āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇ’āˇ€āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎊āļēāˇšāˇ‚āļĢ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē⎚ (Pew Research Cente) ⎃āļ¸āˇ“āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļĢ⎒āļœāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 37 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 50 āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļąāļģāļš āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āˇ€āˇƒāļģāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎁⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇƒāˇ˜āļĢ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļĢ⎒āļœāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļœāļ­ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļĸāˇ™āˇ†āˇŠāļģ⎒ āļ‘āļ´āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļœāˇœāļąāˇ” ⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļŊ⎚āļ›āļą āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¯āˇ–⎂⎒āļ­āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒ ⎃āļ´āļēāˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¸ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ¯ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ’āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ “āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ˜āļšāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§” āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāˇ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē.

āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ ⎀⎒āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļģāļĸāļē āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļē⎒. āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ°āˇāˇ€āļąāļē āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§, āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„āļ­āˇ’āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāˇ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇ…⎄. ICE āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ´āˇāļąāļąāˇāļŸāˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎀⎒āļ§, āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓⎄⎔ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‘āļšāļŸāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎒āļē⎄.

āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇ āļ‹āļąāˇŠāļ¸āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļš āˇƒāˇœāˇ„āˇŠāļģāˇāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ¸āˇŠāļ¯āˇāļąāˇ’ āļ¯ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎖ āļ”⎄⎔ , āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļģāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļģāļšāˇŠ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”⎀⎒āļē. 

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ§ āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ˜āļšāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē⎀ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ˜āļšāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē⎀ āļ‡āļ­.  āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļ¯ āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ˜āļšāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē⎀ āļ‡āļ­. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļĸāļąāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģāļē. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāļą āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ āļ¯ āļŠāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āļē. āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ„āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 11.3, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļœāˇ™āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ„āļģāˇ€āˇ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļģāļĢ āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

2003 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‰āļģāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļŊ⎒⎀⎓āļē:

“āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇš āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļš āļ…⎀āļ°āˇ“āļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļē āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļē āļ¸āˇ”āļąāļœāˇāˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļĸāļē āļœāļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ¸āļ­ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļŊāļ‚āļœāˇ” āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ´āˇāļ§āˇ€āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļģāˇāļœ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎁āļšāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎃⎜āļēāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ’ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇ”⎀āļ§, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļąāļē ⎀āļą āļ…āļąāļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ¯āˇ”āˇ‚āˇŠāļšāļģāļ­āˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļœāˇ“ āļ‘āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.”

āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą āļŊ⎒āļēāˇ āļ¯āˇāļš āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎚ “āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļģāˇāļœâ€ āļ‰āˇƒāˇŠāļ¸āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļ§ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ āļ‡āļ­. āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇāļģ āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļēāˇ ⎀āļą āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāˇāļģāˇāļ´āļĢāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē, āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļšāˇ”āļģ⎒āļģ⎔ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‘āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļ¯ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ, ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļē āļšāļģāˇ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāˇ”āļĸāˇāļ­āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇŠ ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒.

āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļģāļĸāļē⎚ ⎀āļŠ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇƒāˇāļŊāļšāˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ” āˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ ⎀⎖ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļ¯āˇ’āļœāļ§āļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš “āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇšāˇƒāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ­ āļąāˇāļ­” āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇ’–āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āļ…⎀⎒ āļœāļļāļŠāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļģāļĸāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļē āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎀āļ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļē⎙āļąāˇŠā āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģāļą āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē 2026 āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļœāˇ’āļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ⎀āļŊ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļœāļ­āļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ’āˇ€āˇāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒. āļšāˇœāļŊāļģāˇāļŠāˇ ⎄⎒ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļŊ⎒ ⎄⎒ JBS āļšāļ¸āˇŠāˇ„āļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļļāļŊāļœāļ­āˇ” āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’.

āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ, āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸, āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē  āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊ, āļ’āļšāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ§āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āļą āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ¸āˇ™āļē, āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āˇ„āˇ”āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§, ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ­āˇ€āļŊ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē, āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ’āļš āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠāļļ⎒āļ¸āļšāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āļēāļšāļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇš.

āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ, āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” ⎀⎅ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļ°āˇāļąāļē (IWA-RFC) āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ§āļą āļ‘āļē āļąāˇ’āļ´āļ¯āˇ€āļą āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. ⎀⎒āļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ( āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē, āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļē) āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļē⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§, āļē⎔āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§, āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āļŊāˇāļˇāļē āļąāˇœāˇ€ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­ Read More Âģ

IMG 0763

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ“

āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎂⎒āļŊ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 12 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜United Nations condemns Iran’s self-defence strikes amid American imperialism’s war of extermination’ āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎂⎒āļŊ⎊āļ§āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

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āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ„āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‡āļąāˇŠāļ§āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ āļœāˇ”āļ§āļģāˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ, 2025 ⎃⎐āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 22 ⎀āļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ­āˇ’āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ UNGA ⎄⎒ 80 ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģāļē āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļē⎒ [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē/āļ‡āļąāˇŠāļĸāļŊ⎒āļąāˇ āļšāļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇāļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ]

āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļļāļ¯āˇāļ¯āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļšāˇ€āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļŊāļē  (UNSC) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2817 (2026) āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃⎊āļĩāļŊ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¯āˇ“, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ āļœāļŊāˇŠāˇ†āˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇ…⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ “āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļąâ€ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āˇƒāˇ„āļ āļģāļēāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 90 āļš āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇ™āļą āļģāļ§āļ§ (āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§) ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙āļŊ⎓āļ¸ āļœāˇāļą āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ’āļēāļē⎒.

āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āˇš āļšāļŠāļ­āˇ”āļģāˇāˇ€ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļļ⎄āļģ⎚āļąāļē, āļšāˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļ§āˇŠ, āļ•āļ¸āˇāļąāļē, āļšāļ§āˇāļģ⎊, āˇƒāˇžāļ¯āˇ’ āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒āļē, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒ āļ‘āļ¸āˇ“āļģ⎊ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļ¯āˇāļąāļē āļēāļą āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ ⎄āļ­āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ…⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ ⎄āļ­āļ¸â€“āļļ⎄āļģ⎚āļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļļāļŊāļ‡āļĢ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļšāļ§āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ„āˇ’ āļ…āļŊ⎊ āļ‹āļŠāˇ™āļē⎒āļŠāˇŠ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§  āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļģāˇāļļ⎒ āļ‘āļ¸āˇ“āļģ⎊ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ…āļŊ⎊ āļ°āˇ†āˇŠāļģāˇ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇâ€“āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓⎀ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āˇƒāļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģāļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ  āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ„āˇƒāˇ”āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļ´āļēāļē⎒.  āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽ āļąāļģāļšāļąāˇŠāļąāļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ§āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļ¯āˇ’ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠāļē. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ 11 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 1,300 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­.

āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇ“āļŠāˇ’āļ­ āļģāļ§āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇšÂ  āļļāļŊāļœāļ­āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀, āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļ´āˇāļē āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļģ⎓āļ­āļģ āļąāˇāļēāļš āļ…āļēāļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇšāļąāˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ›āļģ⎓ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ„āˇ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļąāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. 

āļšāˇāļ´āļ§āˇŠ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ⎀āļŊ ⎃āļ­āˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‰āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇāˇ„⎐āļĢ⎔ ⎅āļ¸āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 160 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāˇ„āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļ¯āˇ“, āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āˇ„āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļģāļē ⎀⎒⎂ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊ⎙āļļāļąāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ­āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļŊāˇ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļļāļŊ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘⎄⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļąāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ‘āˇ€āˇ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠ āļœāˇ™āļą āļąāˇāļ­.

āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯ 0āļšāˇŠ āļ¯, āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯ 13āļšāˇŠ āļ¯ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎒āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāˇ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļģāļŊ⎀ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē: “āļ‘āļē āļąāˇšāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇ–āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“–āļ‘āˇƒāˇšāļ¸ āļ§āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗāˇāļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļŸāˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļą, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’ āļšāļĢāˇŠâ€ŒāļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē ā āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.”

āļ¸āˇ™ā āˇƒāˇāˇ„āˇƒāˇ’āļš āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāļēāļ§ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļ­āļģāļ§ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇ’āļģ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļļ⎄āļģ⎚āļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļąāļģāļĸāļē, āļŠāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļšāļē, āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ“āˇƒāˇ’āļē, āļŊ⎐āļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€, āļŊāļē⎒āļļ⎓āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€, āļ´āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļē, āļ´āˇāļąāļ¸āˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļŊ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē.

āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇšāļ° āļļāļŊāļē āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļēāļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē, āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐⎅āļšāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‰āļŠ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‘āˇƒāˇš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ„. āļšāˇāļŊāļšāļĢ⎊āļąāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ, āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āļļ⎀ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. ⎃⎊āļŽāˇ“āļģ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļĸ⎒āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 15 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇāˇāļ āļąāˇ“āļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļœāļŊāˇ āļ‘āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’. āļąāˇšāļ§āˇāˇ€ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļģāļ§ āˇ€āļ§āļŊ⎑āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē⎚ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ āļē⎔āļ° āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļąāˇœāļ­āļšāˇ, āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇŠāļŊ⎐āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇ“āļģ⎊ āļ´āˇ”āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ–āļģāˇāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ “āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āļē” āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģ āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇ‘āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ “āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„āļĸ⎓⎀āļąāļē” āļēāļą āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎒āļąāļē, āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļēāˇāļĸāļą āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāļ§ āļ‘⎅⎐āļšāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āˇ€āˇš āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļļāļŊāˇāļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āˇ€āˇš.

⎂⎓ āļĸ⎒āļąāˇŠāļ´āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļ āˇ“āļą āļģāļĸāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļŊ, āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāļ­āļ¸ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇƒāļŊāļšāˇ āļļ⎐āļŊ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āˇƒ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āˇ€āˇ™āļ­ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāļ‚āļ āˇāļģāļēāļē⎒. āļ āˇ“āļą āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅āļšāļ§ āļ‘⎅āļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāļ§ āˇƒāļœāļēāˇ ⎀āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāļģ⎔ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ§ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ™āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. 

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¸āļąāļƒāļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āˇ’āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļąāˇœāļœāˇāļŊāļ´āˇš. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āļąāˇ€ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇœāļŗāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‘⎄⎙āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļšāˇāļ¸āˇ“⎀ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­. āļŠāļ§ āļ´āļ§āˇ„⎐āļąāˇ’⎀, āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ´āļĢ⎒⎀⎒āļŠāļēāļšāˇŠ āļē⎀āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļŠāˇ…āļŸāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļšāˇ‘āļ¸āˇš āļŊ⎐āļēāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ¯āˇāļš āļ­āˇ”āļąāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš, āļŊ⎚ ⎀⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāļ§āļ¸ āļšāļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļŽāļ¸āļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ†āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗ āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ´āļąāļēāļą āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļļāˇāļ°āļšāļē āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļšāˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎀⎙āļ­āļ­āˇŠ, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļšāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎔āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ āˇ“āļąāļē āļŊāˇāļˇ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ†āļąāļēāļą āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāˇāļŊāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāļ§ āļģāļŗāˇ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē ⎀⎙āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎔āļŊāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇœāļŊ⎃⎊ āļ¸āļ°āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļģāļœāˇ™āļą āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇāļģāļšāˇƒāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļšāˇ“āļšāļģ⎔ āļģ⎖āļšāļŠ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļŠāˇ” āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļ‘āļē ( ⎀⎙āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎔āļŊāˇāˇ€) 2026 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ āˇ“āļąāļēāļ§ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļ­āˇ™āļŊ⎊ āļ…āļ´āļąāļēāļąāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļļāļŊāļšāˇœāļ§āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļˇāˇ“⎂āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ™āļšāļ§ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, â€œāˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇāļ āˇāļģāļē āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ â€˜āļģāļ­āˇ” āļģ⎚āļ›āˇâ€™ āļ¸āļšāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“”. āļļāļ¯āˇāļ¯āˇ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ 2817 āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļē āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇ„āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ” 140 āļšāļ§ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€āļš āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎓ āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģāˇāļ­āˇ”⎀, āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āļŊ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ’⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‹āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļē āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āˇƒāˇ’āļē⎜āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļāˇāļ­āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ†āļē⎔āļ° āˇƒāˇāļ´āļēāˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ…⎄.

āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ ⎀āļą āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇŠāļŊ⎚āļ āˇŠāļĄāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļšāˇ”āļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒. ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļŊ⎊ āļļ⎐āļŗāļœāļąāˇ“.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āˇāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ­āˇāļąāļšāļ¸ āļ‘āļš āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļē⎒. āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āˇ“āļē āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļ¸āˇš ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ‹āļģāˇŠāˇƒāˇ”āļŊāˇ āˇ€āˇœāļąāˇŠ āļŠāļģ⎊ āļŊ⎚āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļēāļ§ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ āļŊāˇāļš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅āļ§, āļœāˇ™āˇ€āˇ“ āļœāˇ’āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎅⎒ āļąāˇœāļ‘āļą āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļšāļ§ āļˇāˇāļģāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšâ€. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ‚⎁ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§āˇš āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āļ…⎀⎒ āļœāļļāļŠāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ…⎀⎒ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļąāļœāļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇœāļģ⎜āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇ–⎀ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļē⎔āļģāˇ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļēāļ¯āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļš āļļāļŊāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļē⎀⎐āļē⎀āļŊ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļļāļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āˇāļ§āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ, āļ¸āˇ„āˇāļ¯āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļˇāˇ–āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎀āļŊāļ§ āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āļœ āļ´āˇāļ¯āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. 

āļ­āļģāļŸāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃āļļāļŗāļ­āˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇƒāļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎒āļ­ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ “āļļ⎄⎔āļ°āˇŠâ€āļģ⎐⎀” āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē ⎀⎅āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎓āļĸ⎒āļ‚⎄⎒ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāļē āļ¸āˇāļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’.

āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 30 āļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļēāˇ, āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­  āļšāˇ…āˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāˇ€ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļšāˇ€āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗāļ´āˇœāˇ…āļ§ āˇƒāˇāļ¯āļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§āļ¸ āļ’āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ” āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠāˇ„.āļ‘āļ¯āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ¯āļ­āˇŠ, āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ ⎃āļ‚⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸, āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļēāļšāļģāļĢāļē ⎀⎖ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļšāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļšāļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļļ⎙āļ¯āˇ“ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļŊāˇāļš āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎀⎛⎂āļē⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļœāˇāļ§āˇš. āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāļ§ āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļē⎒. 

āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ 1930 āļœāļĢāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļļ⎒āļŗāˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļšāˇāļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļēāļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ†āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ†āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļģāˇ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’⎀ āļēāļ­āˇŠāļ¸, āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ ⎃⎊āļ§āˇāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļē⎚ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāˇš āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇšāˇ‚āļēāļąāˇŠ āļļ⎒āļŗ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ, āļšāˇœāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļģ⎊āļąāˇŠāļē ( 3āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āļģāļē⎚ ⎀āļģāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇƒāˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļš āˇƒāļļāļŗāļ­āˇ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļŸāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļēāļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āļœāļ¸āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’ 1936 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļ§āˇ”āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ āļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļŊ⎒⎀⎓āļē: “āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ­āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊ⎓āļœāļē â€˜āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļēāˇšâ€™ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇš āļ…āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļļ⎄⎔āļ­āļģāļē āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ â€˜āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙⎅, āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇŠāļšāˇš, āļ…āļ¯ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļĸ⎒āļ­āˇ€āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄⎙āļ§ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ†āļ°āˇāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒ .”

āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ‰āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ”āļąāˇŠāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ (webinar) āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ… āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ “āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē, āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāļ¸āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.”

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇ’āˇāˇāļąāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē UNSC āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āˇ€āˇš. āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļœāļĢāļąāļšāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļ…⎀āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļģāļĸāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, āļŊāˇœāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ  āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇāļąāļ§āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ‘āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. ⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāļē⎚ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀ ⎀āļą āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļāˇāļ­āļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āˇāļ¯ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āļšāˇ“ Read More Âģ

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Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 7 March 2026

This political report for the week of March 1-7, 2026, is compiled based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS.org).

I. Imperialism and War: The US-Israeli War of Extermination Against Iran

The defining political reality of the week ending 7 March 2026 is the continuation and intensification of the criminal US-Israeli war of annihilation against Iran, which entered its second week with a mounting toll of devastation and an explicit escalation of imperialist objectives.

On 7 March, President Donald Trump declared publicly that there would be “no deal with Iran except UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER”—the most extreme formulation yet of American war aims, signalling the intention to wage permanent war until Iranian society is physically destroyed.[1] Trump spelled out the content of this demand in genocidal terms: surrender means either that Iran announces it, “or when they can’t fight any longer because they don’t have anyone or anything to fight with.” The White House simultaneously raised the prospect of direct deployment of US ground troops inside Iran. These are not the statements of a government seeking a diplomatic settlement. They are the declarations of an imperialist power pursuing regime change and the neo-colonial subjugation of a nation of 90 million people.

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Plumes of smoke rise as strikes hit the city during the illegal US–Israeli military campaign in Tehran, Iran, Thursday, March 5, 2026. [AP Photo/Vahid Salemi]

By week’s end, more than 1,200 Iranians had been killed, including 200 children, and over 12,000 wounded. Nearly 30 clinical facilities had been damaged and 10 forced to close. Israeli strikes had reopened a major offensive in Lebanon, with blanket evacuation orders issued for the Dahiyeh district of Beirut and Israeli ground forces crossing into southern Lebanon. The WSWS/SEP statement “Stop the criminal US-Israeli war against Iran!” framed the offensive as an expression of capitalist imperialist rivalry—chiefly the drive by US imperialism to reassert global hegemony against its rivals, above all China, and to seize control of the world’s principal oil-exporting region.[2] The assault was launched while US-Iranian negotiators were still meeting in Geneva—a deliberate deception exposing the pretence of diplomacy as a cover for aggression.

The most egregious single crime of the week was the torpedoing of the unarmed Iranian naval frigate IRIS Dena in the Indian Ocean on 4 March—a war crime committed without warning in international waters, thousands of miles from any combat theatre.[3] The vessel had participated in India’s International Fleet Review 2026 and the multinational MILAN 2026 exercises at Visakhapatnam, invited alongside 73 other nations including the United States. The exercise rules prohibited munitions. The IRIS Dena was unarmed and homeward bound when a US submarine attacked it without warning, sending more than 140 sailors to the bottom of the Indian Ocean. The crime was then celebrated at a Pentagon press briefing by the Secretary of War himself. Confirmation that Australian naval personnel were aboard the submarine directly implicated the Albanese Labor government in the commission of a war crime.[4]

The complicity of imperialist governments was total. Germany’s Chancellor Friedrich Merz declared support for the assault, stating that Israel was doing “the dirty workâ€Ļ for all of us.” The G7 issued a statement casting Iran as the aggressor and greenlighting further escalation. France’s Emmanuel Macron deployed the carrier Charles de Gaulle and other assets to the eastern Mediterranean without a pretence of parliamentary debate. Britain’s Keir Starmer was exposed by leaked National Security Council documents as having been informed of the initial strikes more than two weeks in advance and as having worked with Washington to craft legal cover for British participation. Spain initially postured with anti-war rhetoric under Prime Minister SÃĄnchez, then rapidly dispatched the frigate CristÃŗbal ColÃŗn to the eastern Mediterranean after Trump threatened to cut off US-Spanish trade—a graphic illustration of how bourgeois anti-war posturing evaporates the moment imperialist pressure is applied. Japan, New Zealand, Canada, and Australia similarly endorsed US and Israeli war aims. Washington announced that the US Navy would begin escorting commercial tankers through the Strait of Hormuz—a dramatic escalation placing American warships directly off the Iranian coast—while the US announced further medium-range missile deployments to the Philippines as part of the broader strategic encirclement of China.

The WSWS warned that oil price surges and shipping disruptions through the Strait of Hormuz would deepen the global economic crisis, imposing severe costs through inflation, job losses, and intensified austerity. Asian markets took major losses, with semiconductor and export sectors particularly hard hit.

II. Authoritarian Consolidation and State Repression

The war abroad proceeded in lockstep with an intensification of repression at home and across the capitalist world.

In the United States, a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing exposed the bipartisan character of anti-immigrant repression: DHS Secretary Kristi Noem defended ICE killings and refused to apologise, while Democratic senators simultaneously resisted calls for the abolition of ICE and CBP. The Trump administration seized immigrant student Ellie Aghayeva from Columbia University, illustrating the militarisation of campuses. A Nashville journalist was detained by ICE while documenting immigration raids—a direct assault on press freedom and the suppression of coverage of state violence. Republicans exploited a shooting in Austin to inflame anti-Muslim hysteria and push for expanded DHS funding. ICE detention conditions continued to claim lives, with the death of immigrant detainee Nenko Gantchev in a Michigan facility exposing the Democratic Party’s “oversight” as a façade sustaining rather than restraining a murderous apparatus. Florida carried out the execution of Billy Leon Kearse, part of a resumed pattern of state executions targeting the poor and racialised. Charges against Chinese researchers at the University of Michigan were dismissed, but the politicised “China spy” witch hunt on campuses intensified—serving as a tool of geopolitical scaremongering.

In Germany, the Cologne Administrative Court handed a legal victory to the far-right Alternative for Germany, demonstrating that bourgeois legalism shields rather than curtails fascist organisation. Germany simultaneously announced plans for the largest military buildup on the European continent since World War II and advanced sweeping new restrictions on migrants and refugees. France’s state moved to designate MÊlenchon’s LFI as “extreme left”—deploying legal categories to justify the repression of political opposition. Germany’s government also attempted to police political expression at the Berlinale film festival, censoring critical voices while promoting its own geopolitical line.

In Kenya, President Ruto’s government arrested a popular TikToker for satirical content and detained left activists including Communist Party leader Booker Omole. A Birmingham Labour council secured a High Court injunction to prevent solidarity with striking bin workers—proof that Labour administrations function as instruments of capitalist class power regardless of their electoral base.

III. Austerity, the Global Economy, and Class Attacks

The Iran war triggered immediate and severe global economic shocks whose costs landed on the working class. Oil prices surged sharply. Asian markets fell heavily, with semiconductor sectors and export industries facing supply chain disruptions. These consequences prefigure a deepening global economic crisis to be paid for through inflation, rising fuel costs, and intensified austerity.

In Philadelphia, a $2.8 billion “Master Plan” proposed shuttering 18 schools—the commodification of public education in service of capital. In Australia, the South Australian election exposed billions being funnelled into AUKUS war spending while public education and housing budgets collapsed. The housing crisis deepened as government pledges proved hollow and market-led demolitions displaced working-class communities.

Tech industry executives boasted about AI-driven mass layoffs, celebrating workforce reductions as shareholder value creation—automation deployed to eliminate jobs and intensify exploitation. The United Steelworkers’ refinery contract was exposed as locking in uninterrupted fuel flows benefiting oil company profits and, indirectly, the war itself. Canada Post’s proposed settlement, endorsed by union leadership, sacrificed job security to protect corporate interests. Severe drought in the US Southwest deepened conflicts over water rights, with environmental crisis produced by the capitalist profit drive being weaponised to discipline labour.

The WSWS placed these developments in the framework of capitalist crisis: war and austerity as twin fronts of the same ruling-class offensive, financed by cuts to Medicaid, Social Security, and every social programme workers depend on for survival.

IV. Class Struggle and Bureaucratic Betrayal

The week documented significant episodes of working-class resistance alongside the systematic effort of union bureaucracies to contain and strangle that resistance.

In Lorain County, Ohio, 140 Job and Family Services workers entered their third week of strike action over wages, staffing, and healthcare.[5] Workers described being paid poverty wages so low that some qualified for the very social benefits they administered to clients. Starting pay was as low as $15 an hour for caseworkers handling Medicaid, SNAP, and childcare assistance. The UAW bureaucracy was exposed as isolating the strike and refusing to call for unified action with JFS workers across Ohio. Contract faculty at New York University announced an official strike date over wages, job security, and academic precarity. Entertainment industry workers continued their walkout against studios over pay, AI-driven job displacement, and conditions.

In Germany, the train drivers’ union leadership agreed to a contract imposing real wage cuts—a textbook act of bureaucratic betrayal, with the union apparatus functioning as a stabilising mechanism for capital against its own members. IG Metall leadership at Bosch moved to suppress internal opposition from workers challenging concessions. The Hanover trial of Deutsche Bahn over the death of rail apprentice Simon Hedemann put corporate cost-cutting on record as directly responsible for a young worker’s life.

Victorian early childhood educators in Australia struck for the second time in a campaign for pay parity and adequate staffing. Turkish miners broke through gendarmerie barricades and seized control of a mine in a militant wildcat action—demonstrating the latent social power of the working class when it acts independently of bureaucratic constraint. Workers’ struggle roundups across the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific documented recurring disputes over wages, conditions, and privatisation at every point on the globe.

The US trade union bureaucracy’s silence over the Iran war was the subject of specific WSWS analysis. The AFL-CIO and the great majority of union federations issued no statements against the assault, leaving the working-class majority politically unorganised at the very moment when its industrial power—in ports, logistics, transport, and production—could be decisive in disrupting the war machine. In Quebec, trade union federations renewed their alliance with the Parti QuÊbÊcois even as the PQ embraced anti-immigrant, pro-business, and far-right positions. The WSWS condemned this as a fundamental betrayal of class independence—channelling working-class anger into bourgeois nationalism that defends capitalist interests and legitimises anti-immigrant scapegoating. Ontario students protested cuts to the Ontario Student Assistance Program, linking educational austerity to the broader class offensive.

V. The Political Bankruptcy of Reformism and the Pseudo-Left

The week provided abundant and unambiguous evidence of the political bankruptcy of every reformist and pseudo-left formation.

Germany’s Left Party chairman Jan van Aken celebrated the assassination of Iranian leaders—“May Khamenei rot in hell”—while nominally condemning the war as criminal and illegal. The WSWS exposed this as the characteristic method of pseudo-left politics: verbal criticism combined with legitimisation of imperialism’s aims and outcomes. Spain’s PSOE-Sumar government demonstrated in miniature how the entire social-democratic tradition operates: SÃĄnchez’s “No to war” posture collapsed the moment Washington applied economic pressure, exposing it as a political calculation to contain domestic opposition rather than a genuine break with NATO.

Venezuela’s Chavista leadership reached a diplomatic normalisation with the United States on terms handing Wall Street access to Venezuelan oil, gold, and critical minerals—reproducing dependency under the banner of “stability.” Australia’s Albanese Labor government endorsed the assault within three hours of Trump’s announcement, was directly implicated in the sinking of the IRIS Dena through AUKUS personnel, and used the ASEAN Special Summit in Melbourne to deepen Australia’s integration into US war planning against China. Congress voted down resolutions to restrict war powers, confirming that the US legislative apparatus—across both parties—has become an instrument of imperialist policy. Legalistic remedies within the framework of the bourgeois state cannot stop imperialist war. Baden-WÃŧrttemberg’s state election campaign offered workers nothing but competing concessions to big business, confirming that electoral competition between bourgeois parties produces only distributional jockeying for capital’s benefit.

VI. The Revolutionary Tasks of the Working Class

The week ending 7 March 2026 demonstrates with stark clarity the inseparability of imperialist war, domestic austerity, state repression, and the betrayal of the working class by union bureaucracies and pseudo-left formations. Every capitalist government—“Labour,” “Socialist,” “social-democratic,” or conservative—is serving the same ruling-class interests: expanding militarism, imposing austerity, repressing dissent.

American workers captured the class consciousness at the heart of the anti-war sentiment: “We have more in common with the Iranian people than we do with billionaires.” Detroit autoworkers declared, “We shouldn’t be bombing people, period.” This sentiment must be developed into a politically conscious, internationally organised movement that breaks decisively from the trade union bureaucracies, Labour and social-democratic parties, and pseudo-left formations that have lined up behind imperialist war.

The WSWS and the ICFI call on workers and youth to build rank-and-file committees independent of the union apparatus, forge international coordination and join the Socialist Equality Parties to fight for the socialist and revolutionary strategy alone capable of stopping the war and overthrowing the capitalist system that produces it.

Footnotes

[1] “Trump demands unconditional surrender from Iran as war enters second week,” WSWS, 7 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/07/uxtr-m07.html 

[2] “Stop the criminal US-Israeli war against Iran!” WSWS / SEP National Committee, 2 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/02/ulqw-m02.html 

[3] “Mass murder in the Indian Ocean: The torpedoing of the IRIS Dena,” WSWS, 6 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/06/poyw-m06.html 

[4] “Australian naval personnel involved in US sinking of Iranian ship: Oppose the pro-imperialist Labor government and war against Iran!” WSWS / Socialist Equality Party (Australia), 7 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/07/bckg-m07.html 

[5] “Lorain County, Ohio family service workers strike enters third week: ‘We are fighting everyone’,” WSWS, 7 March 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/03/07/mxws-m07.html 

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 7 March 2026 Read More Âģ

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āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ “āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē” āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ­āˇ’

WSWS āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˛ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. 

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 03 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜Trump and Hegseth launch “total war” against Iran’ āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ WSWS āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˛ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāļ´ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ…āˇāˇ€āˇ– āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠÂ  āļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ– āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ­āˇ”āļą āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­: āļ‘āļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļ…āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’.

āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļ´āˇāļē 48 āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āļŊ⎊ 2,000 āļš āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ™āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ„āˇ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļļ⎙āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇāļ´āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš 1,200 āļšāļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāļ§āˇš āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āˇƒāˇŠāļąāˇāļē⎔ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļē–āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļēāˇāļąāˇ āļąāˇāˇāļš āļ…⎀⎒, āļģ⎚āļŠāˇāļģ⎊, ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļą āļĸāˇāļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļĢ āļ¯āˇ™āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’–āļ…āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļŠāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāļ§ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļē.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ (HRANA) āļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āˇ€āˇšāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ (Eastern Time) ⎃āļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ¯āˇ„⎀āļŊ⎊ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§, ⎅āļ¸āˇ”āļąāˇŠ 176 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ 742 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, 900 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”āˇ€āˇāļŊ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļœāˇāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­. “āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļą āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ€āˇ,” āļ”⎄⎔ āļšāˇšāļļāļŊ⎊ āļģ⎖āļ´āˇ€āˇāˇ„⎒āļąāˇ“ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļ§ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ”āˇ€āˇš, āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’: “āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ­āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇ™āļąāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇāˇ„⎐. … āļŊ⎜āļšāˇ” āļ¯āˇš āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āļąāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‘āļąāˇ€āˇ.” āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē â€œāˇƒāļ­āˇ’ ⎄āļ­āļģāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ„āļšāˇŠâ€ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇ„āļģ ⎀⎒āļ§ â€œāļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠâ€ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. ⎃āļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ…āļœ āļˇāˇāļœāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē ⎃āļ§āˇ„āļąāļš āļ¯āˇ“ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ…⎀⎒ āļ­āˇœāļœ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ â€œāļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° â€˜āˇƒāļ¯āˇ„āļ§āļ¸â€™ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’” āļļ⎀āļē⎒.

āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļĢāˇāļ‚⎁⎒āļš āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇŠāļēāˇāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āļ´āˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āļ§ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš, “āļ´āˇāļļāļŊ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļ§ āļ āļšāˇ’āļ­āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļ­. āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļē⎙āļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, “āļ´āˇāļļāļŊ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇœāļē⎜āļ¯āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’” āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ¸āļ¸ āļ‘āˇƒāˇš āļąāˇœāļšāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’.”

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ‹āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’ āļ…⎀⎔āļŊ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē⎚ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āļ āļģāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļ¸ āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’āļļāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ¸āļēāļĸāļąāļš āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļēāļšāļ§ āļ‡āļ¯ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ “āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ” āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļē āļ´āˇ€āˇ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļ‡āļē⎒, āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļą “āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļ§” āļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ„āˇ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļšāˇ āļēāļą āļļ⎀ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļĩāļŊāļē āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠāļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ‚āļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļ…āļēāļ­āˇ”āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļšāļ¸āˇšāļąāˇ’ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” “⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ” ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē⎚ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ āļšāļŠāˇāļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āļŊ⎊ ⎀⎖ āļļ⎀ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇ™āļą āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚.

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2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 2 ⎀āļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āļœāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē ⎄āļ¸āˇ”⎀āļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ“āļ§āˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒. [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē]

āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ ⎀⎐āļĸāļšāˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¸āˇāļģ-āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļē⎒. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” ⎃āļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ‹āļ¯āˇ‘āˇƒāļą āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āļœāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļąāˇ’āļŊ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ⎊āļœāļ­āļē āļ‘āļēāļē⎒. āļē⎔āļ¯ āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ“āļ§āˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇāˇ€ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē: “āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļĸ⎚. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āļŸ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš, āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš, ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎀āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸ āˇ€āļą āļ”āļ´āļģāˇšāˇ‚āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ´āˇ’āļšāˇŠ ⎆⎒āļē⎔āļģ⎒ (Operation Epic Fury) āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.”

āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ “⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ā āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸? āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇāļą āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’-āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļē⎒. āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ 90,000 āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ 60,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļē āļœāˇ’āļē ⎄⎒āļģāˇāˇ‚āˇ’āļ¸āˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇāļœāˇƒāˇāļšāˇ’ ⎀⎙āļ­ āļ´āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎔ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ ⎄⎙āļŊ⎓āļ¸ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ 100,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ– āļ§āˇāļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ“āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”āļŊāļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. 

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āļ­āļģāļĢāļē āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļą āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļģāļ­āˇ” āļģ⎚āļ›āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀  āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš â€œāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎊āļŊ āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļšāˇœāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇšāˇƒāˇ’ āļ¸āļ­, āļ‹āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ­āļšāļ­āˇ“āļģ⎔ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ āļģ⎓āļ­āˇ’ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āļŠ āļœāˇœāˇ„āˇœāļģ⎔⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇ’āļšāˇ€ āļąāˇ’⎀⎐āļģāļ¯āˇ’ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀ āļļ⎀ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇƒāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļĸāļēāļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļĢāļē ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ”â€Ļ”

āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļšāˇ’. āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āˇāļģāļš āļ…āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļĸāˇāˇƒāļ´āˇŠ āļœāˇœāļļ⎙āļŊ⎊⎃⎊ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ “⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒: āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļģāļē⎒āļšāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎀⎒āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āļē ⎃āļˇāˇāˇ€ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ āļ¯āˇ”āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļē⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ “āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠâ€â€”āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, “āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļē”—āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļē⎒. āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļŠāļ§ āˇ€āļœāļšāˇ’⎀āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāļĢ  āļ¯āļĢ⎊āļŠāļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎔āļĢ⎒.

āļŊ⎚ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ ⎄āļŦ āļąāļŸāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ “āļģāļĢ⎁⎖āļģ āļ†āļ āˇāļģ āļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸â€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļĢāļąāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇƒāˇ“āļē: “āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ­āˇ€āļ¯āˇ”āļģāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ”. āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļģāļĢ⎁⎖āļģāļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ”, ⎃āļ­āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨āˇāļąāļē āļļ⎒āļŗ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´ āļ´āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ⎔ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.” āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļš, ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊāļē “āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ ⎄⎀⎔āļŊ⎊āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁āļ‚āˇƒāˇ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē… āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļē⎒āļš āˇƒāˇ„āļ āļģāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ, āļ­āļ¸ āļ¯āˇ‘āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļšāļģ⎀āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ  āļļāļŊāļē āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļœāˇāļą āļ…āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­āˇ€ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļāļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ´āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠâ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļąāˇāļ­ . āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļœāˇāˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļē⎚ āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļĸāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¯ āļ†āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. 

āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇāˇ€āˇšāļ¸ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒: āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļąāˇāļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļą āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ‰āˇ€āˇƒāļą āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļē. āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē “āˇƒāļ­āˇ’ ⎄āļ­āļģāļšāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ„āļšāˇŠ” āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” āļ‹āļ´āˇ”āļ§āˇ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– ⎀⎒āļ§, āļ‘āļē “āļ‹āļœāˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ” (gotcha question) āļļ⎀ āļšāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠāļģ⎊ āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āļ āˇŠāļ āļŊāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļšāļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸āˇāļœāˇšāļ¸ “⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāļē” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāˇ… āļ¯āˇ™āļē ⎄⎐āļģ ⎀⎙āļąāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļļāˇāļ°āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āļœāļąāļē ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇ āļąāˇœāļœāļąāˇ“.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļąāļ§āˇāļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇ”āļ´āˇāˇ‚āļĢ āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļē (nuclear enrichment facility) āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 2 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎔āļš āļļāļŊ⎁āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ’āļĸāļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļē (IAEA) ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊ āˇƒāˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāļ§āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, “āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļąāļœāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ  āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļąāļœāļģ ⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļšāˇ’āļģāļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āļ§ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’” āļļ⎀ āļ…āļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļĸ⎙āļąāļģāˇāļŊ⎊ āļģāˇ†āˇāļē⎙āļŊ⎊ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāˇƒāˇ’ ( Rafael Grossi) āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ  āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļē.

⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļŠāˇ…āļŸ āļ…āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļģā āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. “ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļēāļš āļ¸āˇāļ¯āˇ’⎄āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸â€ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ āļšāļģāļąāˇ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāˇ€āļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ  āļ”⎄⎔, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļēāļšâ€“āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 93 āļš āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļģāļ§āļšāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎚ āļœāˇœāļŠ āļļ⎒āļ¸āˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšâ€“āļ…āļ´āˇšāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇ€ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļē.

2003 āļ‰āļģāˇāļš āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļˇāļ§āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 145,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļ‘āļē “āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē ⎀āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ” āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇŠ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē⎒. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļšāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ, āļšāļŗāˇ”āļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāļąāˇāļšāˇ“āļģ⎊āļĢ āˇ€āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇ”āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļļ⎙⎄⎙⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­. āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎙āļąāˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļšāˇŠ, āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļļ⎐āļģ⎑āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ­āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇšāļģ⎔⎀āļšāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀, āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ¯, āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āˇ āļļ⎙⎄⎙⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ¯ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļĨāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āļšāˇāļģāļŊ⎒ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’āļŊāˇāļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš ⎃⎐āļŊāˇƒāˇ”āļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģāļĢāļē, āļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ 1,000 āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ 20-25 āļš āļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļŊāļšāˇ”āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļē⎒; āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļēāļ§ āļ…āļ¯āˇāˇ… ⎀āļą āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, āļ‘āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯āˇ… ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1.9 āļ­āˇŠ 2.3 āļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļļ⎀āļē⎒. 

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’āļē. āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀⎐āļē āļļāļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ§āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸāļ¸, āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļļāļŊāļē āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 93 āļš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļģāļ§āļšāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¯āˇ“āļģ⎊āļ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļļāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āˇ€āˇš.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ…āļ­āˇ’⎁āļē āˇƒāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāļģāļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļē. “āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ ” āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āˇ– āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļĸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ, 2026 āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļĢ āˇ€āļ‚āļ āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļ’āˇ€āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ„⎒āļ§āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇ€ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀āļģ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ’ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸāļ¸ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°, āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āļģ⎊āļ¯āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ’⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āļą āļ…āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀āļ§āļŊāļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļšāļŽāļąāļē  āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļą  āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļ‹āļ¸āļ­āˇ”⎀āļš āļ…āļ‚āļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­, āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļļ⎐⎃āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ‹āļ¸āļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇ’. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ´āˇāļą āļąāļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āļĢ⎊āļŠāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļą, āļ¯āˇāļš āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļšāˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļē.

āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇāļļ⎒āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇŠāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’, āļ‘āļ´āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇ“āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āļą āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļšāļ§ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ āļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļœāˇ’āļŊ⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ™āļą āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļšāˇāļ´āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļģāļĸāļēāļšāˇŠ, āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ” ⎃⎐āļ¸āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ¸ āļšāļģāļą āļ†āļšāˇāļģāļēāļ§āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļē⎒: āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ‘āļē āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇāļŊ⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇœāļēāļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļ§, āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ§āļ¸, āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇ āļ´āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ āļ­āļļāˇ, āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ’āļš āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­āļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļļ⎐āļģ⎑āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. 

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļļ⎒āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļ§ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¯āļĢ āļœāˇƒāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ¸āˇšāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ†āˇƒāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļēāļ¯āˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔ āˇ„āˇœāļŗāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļąāˇ“. āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚, āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļˇāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļļ⎀ āļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, ⎀⎙āļąāļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļģāļ‚āļœāļą āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ­āˇ’.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’,  āļē⎔āļ¯ āļļāļŊāļ­āļŊ āļ´āļąāļ­ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš  ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļˇāˇāˇ€ āļĄāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļ­ āˇ€āˇ”āˇ€āļ¯,–āļ‘āļē āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇŠāļšāļšāˇ’–āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāˇ…⎐āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇšāļ° āļļāļŊāļē āļĸāļē āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļąāˇœāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļēāļš āļļāļŊāļē āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ”āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļļāˇāļ°āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļą āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš “āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“” āļ´āļąāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļ­, ⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē⎚ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļœāˇāļ§āļŊ⎔⎀ āļ¸āļŸ āˇ„āˇāļģ⎒āļē⎄.

āļ¸āˇ™āļē āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāˇ“āļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇ’. āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āˇ€āˇāļŊ⎊ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļē āļģ⎒āļ´āļļ⎊āļŊ⎒āļšāļąāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē ⎃⎚āļ¸ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇāļ´āˇ€āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļ⎒āļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ´āˇ„⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸āļē⎒.

āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀āļą āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎚ (āļ‘.āļĸ) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ”⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŠāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ â€œāļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļąāˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ”!” āļēāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē⎚ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ…⎀āļ°āˇāļģāļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎃āļ§āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎐āļģ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē:

āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ”⎀, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē, āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­āˇ’⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇƒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊāˇ€āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļē ⎀āļą āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļąāˇ”⎀, āļąāˇ€ āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē; āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯, āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļœāˇŠāļ°āļąāļē⎚ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ„ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļš āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀ ⎀āļą āļ†āļģ⎊āļŽāˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš ⎃āļ§āļąāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļļāļģāļ´āļ­āļŊ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎒āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇ’.

āļ­āˇ™āˇ€āļąāˇ”⎀, āļąāˇ€ āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇāļšāˇ€āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

⎄āļ­āļģ⎀āļąāˇ”⎀, āļąāˇ€ āļē⎔āļ¯ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļē, āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎊āļŊāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇ, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļļāļŊāļē āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇāļ¯āļ´āˇ™āļģāļ¯āˇ’āļœāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”-āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ™āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļšāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇāˇāļŊāˇ, ⎀āļģāˇāļēāļąāˇŠ, ⎃⎐āļ´āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą, āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāˇāˇ„āļŊ⎊, āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎜āļģ⎔ ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļąāˇ’⎄āļŦ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ§āļąāļ§ āļ‹āļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ “āļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē” āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ­āˇ’ Read More Âģ

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āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē: IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē

āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 07 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜â€™Mass murder in the Indian Ocean: The torpedoing of the IRIS Dena’āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ āļŠāˇ™āˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļŊ⎒āļēāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļē, āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀āļą āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇāļ´āˇāļē  āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ‰āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ, āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 8 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ´.⎀. 3:00 āļ§ EDT [āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇ ⎀⎙āļŊāˇāˇ€ (IST )  āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 9 āļ´āˇ™āˇ€ 12.30 ]⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎒. āļ…āļ´āļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔āļ¸ āļ´āˇāļ¨āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļŊ⎒āļēāˇāļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļ‚āļ āˇ’ ⎀āļą  āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļē⎒.

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āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖ IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€.

2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 4 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€, āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļē⎔āļ° āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą IRIS Dena āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ  ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļģāļĢ⎁⎖āļģāļēāļšāˇ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ  āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇƒāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇœāļŠāļą, āˇƒāˇ’āˇ„āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļšāļŊ⎊ āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļšāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļš āļšāļŊ ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’  “āļē⎔āļ¯ āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ” āļ´āˇƒāˇ™āļš āļ­āˇāļļ⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļ‘āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē āļ­āˇ”āļŊ, āļ¯āˇ”āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨ āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļąāˇāˇƒāˇšā āļļ⎒āļēāļœāˇ”āļŊ⎔  āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇƒāˇ’āˇ„āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļē, 1988 āļ¯āˇ“ USS Vincennes āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎄⎒āļ‚āˇƒāļš āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 290 āļšāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āˇ€āˇāļĢ⎒āļĸ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļēāˇāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļļ⎒āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ™āˇ…āˇ“āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļœāļ­ āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸, ⎀⎒āļ°āˇ’ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļēāļą āļ¯āˇ™ āļ…āļ‚⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸, āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļ¸āˇ‘āļ­āļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļŊāļ­āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎀⎙āļģ⎅āļ§ āļ”āļļ⎊āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇš āļ…āļąāˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļ­ āļ°āˇ“⎀āļģāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļą āˇ€āļŠāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļēāļ§ āļœāˇ™āļą āļē⎑āļ¸āļšāˇ’. 

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ¯āˇ“, āļŊāˇāļšāļē⎚ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļļāļŊāļē⎚ ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āļą āˇ„āˇ”āļ¯āļšāļŊāˇ āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāļ§ āˇ„āˇ“āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ“āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļšāˇ’āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” āļšāļģ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ“, āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ“, āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 140 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļ´āˇ’āļģāˇ’āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļ´āļ­āˇ”āļŊāļ§ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļē. āļ­āļ¸āˇ āļļāļē⎒āļļāļŊāļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇš (Armageddon) āļ¸āˇ™āˇ€āļŊāļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļē⎐āļē⎒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒ āļšāļģāļą āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ’ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļē⎙āļšāˇ” ⎀āļą āļ´āˇ“āļ§āˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ (āļ‘āļĸ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠ-Pete Hegseth), āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ§āļœāļąāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€āļšāļ§ āļœāˇœāļŠ āˇ€āˇ“ āļ’ āļœāˇāļą āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇƒāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļŠāˇ”āˇ€āˇšāļē.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ‘āļš āˇ€āļ āļąāļēāļšāˇŠāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē⎚ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āˇ„āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļē āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„ āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē, āļ†āļ­āˇŠāļ¸āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āļšāˇŠ āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļąāˇāļ­. IRIS Dena ⎃āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļē⎐āļŊ⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ‘āļē āļ­āļģ⎊āļš āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āˇ„āˇ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļēāļš āļ…āļ¯āˇāļŊāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇāļą āļ­āļģ⎊āļš āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇāļ­â€“āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯ āļ‘āļē āļ’ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļļ⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļą āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇ’. āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āļ¯āˇāļš āļ­āˇ”āļą āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§āļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļą āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’, “āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ´āļ§āˇ’āļ´āˇāļ§āˇ’āļē” (“rules-based order”) āļēāļšāˇāļ§ āļœāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇ€āˇš! āļ‘āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļē⎙āļšāˇ”, āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ­āˇāļąāļšāļ¯āˇ“, āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇāļ¸āļ­āˇ’ āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇšāļŊāˇāˇ€āļšāļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāˇ€āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āļąāˇ’āļģ⎔⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸āļē⎒. “āļąāˇ’⎄āļŦ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļē”, āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļē ⎄⎐āļŗāˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļšāļ§āˇ”āļš āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. 1915 āļ¯āˇ“, āļ…āļēāļģ⎊āļŊāļąāˇŠāļ­ āˇ€āˇ™āļģ⎅āļ§ āļ”āļļ⎊āļļ⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ– āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ” āļē⎖-āļļāˇāļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ (⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇ˛āˇƒāˇŠ [⎀⎒āļąāˇāļ¯ āļ āˇāļģ⎒āļšāˇ] āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą HMS āļŊāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ āļœāˇ’āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸ [āļ‘āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠ 1191 āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē], āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āļ¸āļ­āļē āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎄⎐āļģ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļˇāˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ§āˇ” āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, 1917 āļ…āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎔āļŠāˇŠāļģāˇ ⎀⎒āļŊ⎊⎃āļąāˇŠ, āļĸāļģ⎊āļ¸āļąāˇ’āļē āļ…āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅⎔⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāļŠāļ­āˇ”āļģāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇšāļē.

āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ€āˇƒāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāļ§ āˇ„āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ“āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļšāˇ’āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ´āˇ“āļ§āˇŠ ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļ’ āļœāˇāļą āˇ„āļŠ āļąāļœāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ™āļē⎒. 

āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāˇ€āļŊ ⎀⎒āļšāˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„āļœāļ­ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇš āļ†āļģ⎊āļŊ⎓ āļļāļģ⎊āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ (Arleigh Burke-class ) āļąāˇāˇāļš āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇœāļąāˇŠ 9,000 āļšāˇŠ [āļĸāļŊāļē] āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļœ āļ¸āˇ“āļ§āļģ⎊ 155 āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļąāļē. āļ‘āļē āļ§āˇœāļ¸āˇāˇ„āˇāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ˛āˇƒāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ  ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎃⎊ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇ”āļ§āˇ’ 90 āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ 96 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¯, āļ¯āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļ´āˇ’āļ§-āˇƒāˇ’āļ§-āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāļ§ āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ…⎀⎒ āļ¯ āļ¯āļģāļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ­āˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļąāˇ€āˇ“āļą āˇƒāļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āļ¸āļąāˇāļšāļģāļĢ āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ’āļĸāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ (Aegis Combat System) ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļšāˇ, āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļēāˇāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ­āļ­āˇŠâ€āļē āļšāˇāļŊ⎓āļąāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇŠ āļģāˇāˇāˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļąāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ‚āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļš āļļāļŊāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļēāˇāļąāˇ āˇ€āˇāˇ„āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļš āļšāļĢ⎊āļŠāˇāļēāļ¸āˇŠ 11 āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ’ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļš āļļāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´āļĢāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļļāļŊāļē⎚ āļĸāļ‚āļœāļ¸ āļąāļœāļģāļēāļšāˇ’.

IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€ āļ§āˇœāļąāˇŠ 1,500āļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē – āļ‘āļē āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”  āļąāˇāˇāļš āļąāˇāˇ€āļš āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļē āļ¸āˇ“āļ§āļģ⎊ 94āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’āļœ āˇ€āˇ– āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē⎀ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļŠāˇ“āˇƒāļŊ⎊ āļ‘āļąāˇŠāļĸ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎄āļ­āļģāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļāļŊ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ”āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇŠ āļąāˇāˇāļš āļ¸āˇ’āˇƒāļē⎒āļŊ, āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ¸āˇ“āļ§āļģ⎊ 76 āļš āļ­āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” āļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠāļšāˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ (deck gun) āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ„āˇāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļ§āˇāļģ⎊āļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ ⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļē āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ 180 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļ­ āˇ€āˇ’āļē. āļ‘āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļļāļŊāļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸ āļ­āļģāļŸāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē. IRIS Dena āļēāļąāˇ” [āļ‘.āļĸ āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āļļāļ§āˇ„⎒āļģ āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ] ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāˇāļ°āļš āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš  āļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇ€āˇ™āļģ⎅āļļāļŠ āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ (coastal frigate) ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļļāļ§āˇ„⎒āļģ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ†āļē⎔āļ° āˇ€āˇ™āˇ…āļŗāļ´āˇœāˇ…⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļšāļ´āˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“ā āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļ‰āļ‚āļĸ⎒āļąāˇšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļœāļĢāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āˇ€āˇ™āˇ„āˇ™āˇƒ āļ¸āˇ„āļąāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē⎀ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āļąāļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ, 2022 āˇƒāˇ„ 2023 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ…āˇāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļŊāˇāļšāļē ⎀āļ§āˇ āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ­āˇŠ, āļ‘āļē āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ– āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļē āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē ⎀⎖ āļ…āļēāļœāˇš āļšāˇžāˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļŊāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇāļšāˇŠāˇ‚⎒āļēāļšāˇ’.

āļāˇāļ­āļąāļēāļ§ āļŊāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ´āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ⎔ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§, ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ› āˇƒāˇāļšāļ āˇŠāļĄāˇ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļļāļ§āˇ„⎒āļģ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļē⎐⎀⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¯āˇ„āˇ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎒āļ§ āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇāˇƒ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļˆāļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļš āļąāˇ’āļē⎐āļŊ⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’  āļ…āļēāļē⎒.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļē āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇœāļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ§āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§, āļ´āļŊāˇ āļēāˇāļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠāļ¯ āļēāļąāˇŠāļą āļ­āˇšāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€ āļšāˇ™āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āˇ€āˇšāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ”āļļāļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ–āˇ€āˇāļ¯ āļēāļ­āˇŠ, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ⎓āļē āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇ– āļšāˇ”āļŠāˇ āļ¯āˇ–āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļš āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇ’āļĢ⎙āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§, IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€ āļ’ āˇ€āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇ„āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒.

āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ– āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļē āļ¯āˇ’⎀⎒ āļœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļē āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļĸ⎒āļąāˇ“āˇ€āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ (1949) 18 ⎀āļą āˇ€āļœāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļ‘⎄⎒ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļ´āļ§āˇ„⎐āļąāˇ’ āļē. āļ‘āļē āļ­āļ¸ āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ, āļ­āļ¸ āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ¸ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģ āļœāˇ™āļą  āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ€ āļœāˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļ¯āˇ’⎀⎒ āļœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 32 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģ⎓ āļŊāļ‚āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇ–āļģ⎊āļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļĢāļēāļœāˇāļ­āˇ’āļē. āļ´āˇ˜āļŽāˇ’⎀⎒āļē⎚ āļļāļŊ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ­āˇāļšāˇŠâ€āˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļšāˇ€ āļ¯āˇ’āļē⎔āļĢ⎔āļ¸ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āˇ„āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇāˇ€ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē, āļ¯āˇ’āļē⎚ āļœāˇ’āļŊ⎙āļą āļ‘āļš āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ™āļšāˇ”⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļŊāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¯ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļšāļšāļ¯āˇ” ⎀āļ­āˇŠāļšāļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ–āļē⎚ āļąāˇāļ­.

⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āˇ“ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āˇƒāˇ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢāˇāļ¯āˇāļē⎒ āļ…āļ´āˇ’ āļąāˇœāļ¯āļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ”. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āˇ„āˇšāļ­āˇ”⎀āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ 140 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļē ⎃⎜āļēāˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ§ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­ āļšāˇāļŊāļē āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļ­āˇ’āļš ( traumatic) āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļ­āˇāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊ⎐āļĸ⎊āļĸāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇāļąāˇ™āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇāˇ€āˇš āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎚ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē āļ´āļģāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļœāļŊāˇŠāˇ†āˇŠ āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎚ āļąāˇāļ­, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāˇ’āļ­ āļļ⎐⎄⎐āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļēāļš āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎚ āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎔ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇš āˇ„āˇ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āļšāļģ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āļš āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ“āļē. āļ‘āļē āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļ†āļģāˇāļ°āļąāļēāļšāļ§ āļ…āļąāˇ”⎀ 2026 āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļļāļŊāļ‡āļĢ⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļŊāˇāļ āļąāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļšāˇāļ´āļ§āˇŠāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļģāˇāļē⎚ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ MILAN 2026 āļļ⎄⎔āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇƒāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎓āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ­āļ¸ āļģāļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āļ­  āļļāļŊāˇ, ⎅āļŸāļ¸ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āˇƒāˇāļ­āļ´āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎒āļąāˇŠ, āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇāˇ€ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀ āļ­āļąāˇ’⎀āļ¸ āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇƒāļēāļ§ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠ 74 āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē. āļœāˇ’āļŊ⎙āļąāˇŠāļąāļ§ āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļēāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ˜āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ“āļē āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇāˇāļœāˇ“ ⎀⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎄.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ…āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļ´āˇāļ­ āļģāļ§āļš āˇ€āļģāˇāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ„āļģāˇ€āˇ āļē⎑āļ¸ āļļāļŊāļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¯āˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ„āˇāļšāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļ´āˇ’āļ§ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇŠ, āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļēāˇāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ„ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļą āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. IRIS Dena āļēāļąāˇ” āļ¸āļ­āˇ”āļ´āˇ’āļ§ āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ˜āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ¸āˇāļą, āļŊ⎔⎄⎔āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎃āļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ­āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇ”āļŊ⎒āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļē. āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ  āļąāˇœāļšāˇ…āˇš āļ’ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‹āˇ€āļ¸āļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ­āˇ’āļļ⎖ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļĢ⎒. āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļē⎐āļē⎒ ⎃⎐āļŊāļšāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš, āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļē⎐āļē⎒ āļ‘āļē āļąāˇœāˇƒāļŊāļšāļą āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ, āˇ„āˇ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš “⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāļēāļ§” āļ‘āˇ„āˇ āļœāˇ’āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āˇ„āˇ ⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎒āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļē ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇ āļąāˇœāļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļļ⎐⎀⎒āļąāˇŠ.

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎀⎒āļ āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāˇ™āļą āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ, āļē⎔āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎚āļą āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠâ€“IRIS Dena āˇ„āˇ ⎃⎐⎃āļŗāˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎚  āˇ†āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļœāˇšāļ§āˇŠ āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠâ€“āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļ†āļģāˇāļ°āļąāˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļļ⎄⎔āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ†āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ”āļ´āˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇ” āļ­āˇāļą āˇ€āˇ™āļ­, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇš āļ­āļąāˇ’⎀āļ¸ āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ™āļšāˇ”āļ§ āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļēāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļēāļē⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āļąāˇŠāļą. āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļē āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀, āļēāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀, āļ­āļąāˇ’ āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ, āļąāˇāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘⎄⎒ 180 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļē āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āļ­āˇ”āļŊāļ§ āļē⎐⎀⎖ āļļ⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āļąāˇŠāļą. āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ…āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļē⎀āļģāļēāˇ āļ¸āˇœāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ€āˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļšāˇāļ¸āļģāˇ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļ§ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļœāļąāˇ’āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ,  āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļļāļŊāļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´āļĢāļē āļšāˇ… ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ¯āˇ”āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē ⎃āļ¸āļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀ āˇƒāˇ’āļ­āļąāˇŠāļą.

āļļāļ§āˇ„⎒āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļģ⎒āļšāļŊ⎊āļ´āļąāļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢ⎒āļš, āļœāˇ’āļœāˇ”āļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇŠāˇƒāˇš āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎐⎄⎐āļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļģ⎒āļ´āļļ⎊āļŊ⎒āļšāļąāˇŠ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļļāļģ⎊āļąāˇ’ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ ⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ “āˇ€āˇā āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠāļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĢāļēāļšāļ¸ āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļĨāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļœāˇšāļ¸ āļ­āˇœāļŊāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ “āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°” āļēāļą āˇ€āļ āļą āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļē⎔āļģāˇāļ´āļē⎚, āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āˇ„āˇ™āļŊāˇāļ¯āˇāļšāˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļˇāļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļ­ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎙āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē⎚ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ āˇƒāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎙āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĨāļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļē⎔āļ° āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’, ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļœāˇāļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇāļē⎒āļš āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āļēāļą āļ¸āˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļģāļ¯āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. ⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē⎚ ⎀āļœāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļēāˇāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊ⎒āļš āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļąāļŠāˇ” āļ´āˇāˇ€āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļļāļ§āˇ„⎒āļģ āļ†āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ” āļ´āˇ”⎅⎔āļŊ⎊ āļąāˇ€ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāˇāļ°āļš āļ´āļąāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.  āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ­āˇ’āļģāļēāļšāļ¸ āļœāˇ’āļŊ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļą āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ⎔ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļ‘āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎙āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¯āˇāļ āˇāļģāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ­āļģ⎊āļšāļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸, 2026 āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ” 4 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āļšāˇ… āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āļļāļŊāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ¯āˇāˇ… āˇ€āˇš. āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ…āļ¯āˇāļŊ ⎀āļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļą āļē. āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ¸āļē āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ”⎀ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļą āļē. āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ”⎂⎓āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļ´āˇāļš āļ‘āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļē. āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇƒ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļē⎚ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļąāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļē⎒.

āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļą āļģāļē⎒āļšāˇŠ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āˇ€āˇš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ…āļ¯āˇŠāļ¸āˇ’āļģāˇāļŊ⎊ āļšāˇāļŊ⎊ āļŠāˇœāļąāˇ’āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ 1942 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļŊ⎐āļšāˇāļąāˇ’āļēāˇ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļē (Laconia Order) āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ¯āˇ’⎀⎒ āļœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļē ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ€āˇāļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ„⎐āļģ āļ¯āļ¸āˇ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļģ⎄⎒āļ­ āˇƒāļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ U-āļļāˇāļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” (⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎒āļą) āļ…āļĢāļ¯āˇ™āļą āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļšāˇ”āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ™āˇƒāˇš ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē:

“āļœāˇ’āļŊ⎔āļĢ⎔ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ’⎀⎒ āļœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļē āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļąāˇŠ, āļ‘āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļąāļą āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļļāˇāļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ”⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ“āļ¸, āļ´āˇ™āļģ⎅⎔āļĢ⎔ āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āˇāļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļļāˇāļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ” āļąāˇāˇ€āļ­ āļ‹āļŠāˇ” āļ…āļ­āļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģāļŊ⎓āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ āļ†āˇ„āˇāļģ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāļŊāļē āļˇāˇāļģ āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāˇ… āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļœāļŊāˇ€āˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ⎒āļšāļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē ⎀āļą āˇƒāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎚ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļē āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ§āˇ„⎐āļąāˇ’āļē.”

āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļąāļŠāˇ” ⎀⎒āļˇāˇāļœāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļ…āļ¯āˇŠāļ¸āˇ’āļģāˇāļŊ⎊ āļŠāˇœāļąāˇ’āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœāļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ…āˇš āļąāˇ€āˇ“āļą āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļ†āļ āˇāļģ āļ´āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ’⎀āļŊ āļ´āˇāļģāļĢ⎒ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļēāļŊ⎊ āļ´āˇāļą āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠāļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ­āļģ⎊āļš āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’.

āļ”⎄⎔āļ§ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ 10āļš āˇƒāˇ’āļģ āļ¯āļŦ⎔⎀āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. ⎄⎙āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇ™āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇāļ¸āļģāˇ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ “āļąāˇ’⎄āļŦ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļē” āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇš, āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļĨāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, āļŊ⎐āļĸ⎊āļĸāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀, āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇšāļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 140 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸â€“āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀, āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”⎀ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎚āļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļ‘āļšāļ¯āˇ” āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇ„āļēāļšāˇŠāˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’āˇ€â€“āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚-āˇƒāˇ”āļļ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎄⎐āļģ āļ…āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļļ⎀āļ§  āļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎃⎊āļŽ āˇ„āˇ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļāˇāļ­āļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāˇ… āļ…āļĢāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¯āˇāļ¸āļē ⎃āļļ⎊āļ¸āˇāļģ⎓āļąāļē⎚ āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļšāˇāļ¸āļģāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ¯āˇ’⎀ āļœāˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āļ¯āˇ“ ⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļšāļģ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ”⎅āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļĢāļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ¯āˇāļ¸āļē⎚ ⎀āļœāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļē (doctrine of command responsibility), āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ„āˇ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļ…āļĢ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓ ⎀āļœāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ¯āļģāļą āļļ⎀ āļšāˇ’āļēāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“–āļ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āļœāļšāˇ“āļ¸ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āˇƒāˇ˜āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāļģāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļœāˇāļą āļ¯āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇāļą āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” ⎀⎖ ⎀⎒āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ’āˇ€āˇ ⎀⎐⎅⎐āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ„āˇ āļ¯āļŦ⎔⎀āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ…āļ´āˇœāˇ„āˇœāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ ⎀⎖ ⎀⎒āļ§āļ¯ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļē. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ“, āļ¯āˇāļąāˇ”āļ¸ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļēāļ§ āļˇāˇāļĸāļąāļē āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ¸āˇāļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊ⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļąāˇ“āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’⎀āļģāļēāˇ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚, āļē⎔āļ¯ āļŊ⎚āļšāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļģāļēāˇ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģ, ⎃⎐āļ¸āļģ⎖ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļŊāˇœāˇ€āļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļšāˇāˇāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“.

IRIS Dena āļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„ āļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ”āļļ⎊āļļāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āˇ„āˇ’āļ¯āˇš. āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļģāļĸāļē āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’⎀āļŊ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ°āˇāļģāļĢ⎓āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. 2026 āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 7 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, ⎆⎙āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ ICE āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āļ­āļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļ§āļģ⎊ āļģāļŽāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎓ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļēāļ¯āˇ“ 37 ⎄⎐⎀⎒āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇœāļŊ⎊ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 24 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļ¯āˇāļŠāˇ’ ⎃āļ­āˇŠāļšāˇāļģ ⎄⎙āļ¯ āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’, āļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļģ āļšāļģ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļēāļ¯āˇ“, āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ¸āˇ”āļģ ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇāļģ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ 10 ⎀āļ­āˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’ āļ…⎀⎒āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’ ⎀⎒āļ§āˇ™āļšāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļ§ āļœāļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļąāˇāļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇāļą āˇ€āˇš. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļļāļŊāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ…āļē–āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļ‰āļģāˇāļą āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāˇ„āˇ’ āļ´āļ¯āˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āˇ’āļšāˇāˇ€āļŊ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇšāˇ€āˇâ€“āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ…āļąāˇ”āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļē āļŊāļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ“āļ¸āˇāļģ⎔āļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ‰āļŊāļšāˇŠāļš āˇ€āˇ’āļē. ⎀⎒āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃⎐āļ¸āˇ€āˇ’āļ§āļ¸, āļ…āļ­āˇ“āļ­āļēāļ§ āļļāļŊāļ´āˇāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ, āļēāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļģāļ¯āˇ’āļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇš. āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ‡āļœāˇš āļ¸āˇāļ§āļģ⎊ āļģāļŽāļē āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’ ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļąāˇ”āļšāˇ–āļŊ⎀ āļģ⎐āļœāˇ™āļą āļēāļą āļœāˇ’āļąāˇ’ āļ…⎀⎒āļē āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢ⎒. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’⎀āļŊ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āˇš āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāˇāļąāˇ” āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āˇ€āļą āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāļ°āļģ⎊āļ¸āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļģāļĸāļēāļšāˇ’.

āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓⎀ āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“ āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē. āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎄āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āˇ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ­āˇŠ, āļ‘āļ´āˇ’āļšāˇŠ ⎆⎒āļē⎔āļģ⎒ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸ āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļē⎔āļ¯ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āˇ€āˇ’āļ¸āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ ⎀⎒āļąāˇ’āˇāˇŠāļ āļē ⎃āļˇāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€ āļœāˇ’āļŊāˇŠāˇ€āˇ– āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇāˇ€ āļąāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 140 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ¸āļģāˇ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē  āˇƒāļ¸āˇāˇ€ āļ…āļē⎐āļ¯āˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇœāļģ⎀ āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ§ āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇšāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāˇ…āˇš, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļģāļĸāļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇ„āˇ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āļąāˇŠāļą āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ°āļąāˇšāˇāˇŠāˇ€āļģ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāˇāļˇ āˇƒāļ¸āˇ”āļ āˇŠāļ āļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ’āˇ€āˇ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ⎒.

āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļšāļ¸, āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļąāˇ€ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠāļ¸ āļŊ⎒āļē⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļ§āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ’āļœāˇš āļ´āˇ„āļ­ āļ…āļąāļ­āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļ‡āļŸāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’ ⎄āļ¯āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļˇāˇāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠ āļšāļģāļē⎒: “āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇ™āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ“⎅āļŸ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āļšāˇāļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ āˇŠāļĄāˇšāļ¯āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļēāļšāˇŠ  āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ”āļą āˇ„āˇœāļ­āˇŠ, āļ¸āˇāļąāˇ€ ⎀āļģ⎊āļœāļēāˇāļœāˇš ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇ˜āļ­āˇ’āļēāļ¸ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļē⎃āļąāļēāļš āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļē āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.”

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āļ‰āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇāļœāļģāļē⎚ ⎃āļ¸āˇ–⎄ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē: IRIS Dena āļąāˇžāļšāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ§āˇāļ´āˇ’āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē Read More Âģ

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Stop the criminal US-Israeli war against Iran!

Statement of the Socialist Equality Party (US) National Committee
This statement was originally published on the World Socialist Web Site on the 02 March 2026.

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People watch from a rooftop as a plume of smoke rises after an US-Israeli strike in Tehran, Iran, Sunday, March 1, 2026. [AP Photo/Vahid Salemi]

1. The joint US-Israeli assault on Iran, which began in the early morning hours of February 28, is a criminal act of war waged in flagrant violation of the United States Constitution and international law. Its opening salvo included the murder of Iran’s head of state, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and other senior leaders of the Iranian government. There is not a shred of legal justification for the attack. No authorization has been sought from or granted by the United States Congress, as required by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. No resolution of the United Nations Security Council sanctioned the use of force. The assault was launched while US and Iranian negotiators were still engaged in talks mediated by Oman, which had concluded just two days earlier in Geneva. The attack on Iran is precisely what was described at the Nuremberg trials of Nazi leaders in 1945–46 as a “crime against peace”—the “supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole.” 

2. The war began just two weeks after Secretary of State Marco Rubio used the Munich Security Conference on February 14, 2026 to dress up a program of predation and domination as a civilizational mission—urging Europe to cast off “guilt and shame” over imperialist atrocities in the colonies and the Holocaust, lamenting the decline of the “great Western empires,” i.e., the very colonial order built on plunder, repression and mass killing. The rhetoric of imperial nostalgia has been followed by the real thing—cruise missiles, airstrikes and the bombardment of Iranian cities—confirming that the talk of “civilization” is the customary lying preface to barbarism. 

3. The bombardment of Iran is a crime—against a people and against civilization. When strikes hit cities like Tehran, Qom and Isfahan, the target is not merely “infrastructure” but the accumulated intellectual, cultural and social life of a historic society. The reduction of a nation of 90 million to coordinates and “regime-change” slogans is the language of imperialist barbarism. Working people in the United States and internationally must oppose this onslaught, demand an immediate end to the attacks, and reject the normalization of mass killing and cultural annihilation as instruments of policy.

4. It is widely acknowledged, even in the capitalist media, that the United States faced no threat from Iran. In fact, Trump himself, following the Twelve-Day War of June 2025—in which the United States struck three Iranian nuclear facilities with the largest conventional munitions in its arsenal—declared that Iran’s nuclear weapons capacity had been “obliterated.” He repeated this claim as recently as his State of the Union address on February 24, 2026. His assertion, four days later, that Iran posed an “imminent threat” to the United States was directly contradicted by a 2025 assessment from the Defense Intelligence Agency, which concluded that Iran was years, if not a decade, from developing intercontinental missile capability. Two intelligence sources told CNN that Trump’s claim was not backed up by intelligence. Even the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, Representative Jim Himes, said after being briefed: “We have not heard articulated a single good reason for why now is the moment to launch yet another war in the Middle East.”

5. The International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) warned repeatedly that such an attack was imminent. On February 19, just nine days before the assault, the ICFI stated: “The objectives of US imperialism—the domination of the planet—cannot be achieved peacefully. War against Iran is, for the United States, an essential stage in its preparation for the coming conflict with China.” It continued with a warning of the most far-reaching implications: “War will not be stopped by appeals to imperialist and bourgeois governments. The international working class confronts a situation comparable to that which existed on the eve of World War II. But the comparison is inadequate, because the consequences of war today would be infinitely more terrible than they were 87 years ago. Humanity faces the imminent danger of a nuclear catastrophe that could result in the destruction of all human life.”

6. Trump is hardly attempting to present a coherent, let alone convincing, explanation for his decision to launch a war. Just four days earlier, he had delivered a State of the Union address, the longest in history, that devoted barely a few sentences to Iran, even though he had by that time signed off on the war. The military buildup—the largest in the Middle East since the 2003 invasion of Iraq—was well advanced. Israeli and American intelligence agencies had been tracking Khamenei’s movements for months.

7. Trump announced the war not in a nationwide address from the Oval Office, not before the Congress that the Constitution charges with the power to declare war, but in an eight-minute video posted at 2:30 in the morning to his private social media platform, Truth Social, from his Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida. He wore a white baseball cap emblazoned with “USA.” Trump was not speaking to the American people. He was speaking to his base—to the fascistic movement that he has cultivated and that constitutes his real political constituency. As the WSWS wrote in a statement on February 28, “Now, Trump, baseball cap on his head, announced his decision in the dead of night, while most Americans were sleeping. He has set the United States and the entire world on a disastrous course.” The statement drew the inescapable historical parallel: “In the future, historians will compare Trump’s February 28, 2026 attack on Iran to Hitler’s September 1, 1939 invasion of Poland. They are crimes of equal magnitude.”

8. The fact that polls confirm overwhelming popular opposition to war has no effect whatsoever on Trump’s calculations. A University of Maryland poll conducted weeks before the strike found that only 21 percent of Americans favored an attack on Iran, while 49 percent were firmly opposed. A YouGov snap poll taken on the day of the strikes found just 34 percent approval—the lowest public backing for a US military campaign in modern history, less than half the support recorded for the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. A Reuters/Ipsos poll found 43 percent disapproval versus only 27 percent approval. Seventy-four percent of respondents in a CBS/YouGov poll said Trump required congressional approval he never sought. The Quinnipiac poll found seven in 10 voters opposed military action against Iran. These figures reveal the depth of the chasm between the American ruling class and the population it oppresses. The war is being waged not in the name of the American people but against their clearly expressed will.

9. The war itself has taken the form of targeted assassinations of political leaders and military commanders, accompanied by massive bombardment that has produced terrible civilian casualties. Within hours of the first strikes, Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei was confirmed dead, along with the chief of army staff, the defense minister, the head of the Revolutionary Guard Corps, the secretary of the Defense Council and approximately 40 other officials. A girls’ elementary school was struck in the city of Minab in southern Iran; Iran reported nearly 150 schoolchildren killed. The Iranian Red Crescent reported more than 200 dead in the initial hours alone. The assault has continued, with strikes “in the heart of Tehran” as the toll mounts. The killing of Khamenei’s daughter, grandchild, daughter-in-law, and son-in-law have been confirmed.

10. In a telephone interview with the New York Times on Sunday, Trump declared that the United States and Israel “intended” to continue the war for “four to five weeks,” making clear that Washington is preparing a sustained bombing campaign aimed at bludgeoning Iran into submission. In the same interview,  Trump spoke with chilling indifference about the deaths of US soldiers,  stating bluntly, “We expect casualties,” while adding that Pentagon estimates could be “quite a bit higher.” These remarks amount to an open declaration that the White House is prepared to sacrifice countless lives—above all, in Iran but also throughout the region and among US troops—to prosecute a criminal war of conquest.

11. Iranian leaders and military officials were caught by surprise, once again accepting, as they had done before the June 2025 war, American assurances that negotiations were being pursued in good faith. Iran’s foreign minister had left Tehran for Geneva only days before the attack. Iran’s state news agency published a commentary expressing disappointment over the talks but blaming Washington for the impasse—still, even at that late hour, operating on the assumption that the diplomatic process was real. The pattern is now unmistakable: The United States uses the pretense of diplomacy to lull its adversary into a false sense of security while preparing the killing blow. In June 2025, Israel struck while US-Iran talks were scheduled to resume days later. In February 2026, the assault came two days after the Geneva round ended.

12. The response of the European imperialist powers has been no less contemptible. Though it was the United States and Israel that launched the war—striking a sovereign nation while negotiations were ongoing, assassinating its head of state, bombing a school full of children—the joint statement issued by British Prime Minister Keir Starmer, French President Emmanuel Macron, and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz denounced not the aggressors but the victim. The E3 statement “condemned Iranian attacks on countries in the region in the strongest terms” while saying merely that the three governments “did not participate in these strikes.” Starmer called the Iranian regime “utterly abhorrent” and demanded that Iran “refrain from further strikes”—as though a nation subjected to a surprise attack that killed its leadership and its schoolchildren has no right to defend itself. By the next day, Starmer had gone further, announcing that British jets were conducting “defensive operations,” that Britain had already intercepted Iranian strikes, and that he had accepted a US request to use British bases to strike Iranian missile sites. The pretense of non-involvement is being discarded day by day, precisely as it always is. The European powers are being drawn into the vortex of American militarism, just as they were in Iraq, in Libya, and in the proxy war in Ukraine.

13. The United States and Israel have certainly inflicted serious damage. The decapitation of Iran’s political and military leadership is a devastating blow. But history teaches that it is usually a grave mistake to judge the outcome of a war on the basis of the results of its first days or even months. The initial shock and awe of the 2003 Iraq invasion was followed by two decades of insurgency, sectarian civil war, and strategic catastrophe for the United States. The fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021—20 years after the “successful” invasion of Afghanistan—stands as a monument to imperial hubris. Iran is a nation of 90 million people with a land mass nearly 74 times that of Israel. Its population has endured eight years of war with Iraq, decades of sanctions and repeated foreign assault. The assumption that the murder of Khamenei will produce the collapse of the state, with a grateful population welcoming regime change imposed by US mass murder, is the same delusion that has attended every American military adventure since Vietnam.

14. The United States has unleashed a war with incalculable economic, social and political consequences. Iran’s retaliatory strikes have already spread across the Persian Gulf, hitting US military bases, civilian airports, and infrastructure in Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Jordan. Missiles have struck Israel, killing civilians in residential areas. The Strait of Hormuz—through which approximately 20 percent of the world’s oil passes daily—faces disruption. Oil prices have surged. Global shipping routes are in turmoil. Airlines have canceled flights across the region. The conflict threatens to engulf the entire Middle East in a conflagration whose scale and duration no one can predict. The first American casualties have already been reported.

15. The real reasons for this war lie not in Iran’s nuclear program — for which there is no evidence, acording to the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) that it is anything other than peaceful—but in the geopolitics of oil, the struggle for control of strategic resources and the deepening crisis of American global hegemony. Iran sits atop the world’s fourth-largest proven oil reserves and second-largest natural gas reserves. It commands the northern shore of the Strait of Hormuz, one of the most strategically significant chokepoints in the global energy system. The control of these resources—and more importantly, the ability to deny rivals access to them—has been the central preoccupation of American foreign policy in the Middle East for more than seven decades.

16. The drive to subjugate Iran cannot be separated from the broader trajectory of American imperialism. As the WSWS explained even before the attack, the seizure of Venezuelan oil and the assault on Iran are components of the same strategy: The United States is seeking to take hold of the world’s energy resources in preparation for military confrontation with China, which imports more than 70 percent of its daily oil consumption. Iran accounts for more than 10 percent of Chinese energy imports, and losing access to it would be a major strategic blow to China’s independent industrial base. The war against Iran is, in this sense, a war for global hegemony, directed not only at Tehran but at Beijing, Moscow and the European capitals whose dependence on Middle Eastern energy gives Washington an instrument of coercion. The Trump administration has threatened not only Iran but also its nominal allies—imposing tariffs on European goods, threatening Greenland, seizing control of Venezuelan oil, and making clear that in the emerging era of great-power competition, the United States intends to use its military supremacy to maintain dominance over every strategically significant region on Earth.

17. The role of the Democratic Party in enabling this war makes it the accomplice of Trump. They have funded every weapon now being deployed against Iran. The $901 billion National Defense Authorization Act passed the House in December with 115 Democrats voting yes. In the Senate, two-thirds of the Democrats voted in favor. In January, 149 House Democrats voted for $839 billion in defense appropriations. In the weeks preceding the attack, as the largest military buildup since the 2003 Iraq invasion was underway, neither House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, nor Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, nor Senator Bernie Sanders, nor Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez mounted any serious effort to prevent the war. On the contrary, AOC repeated the administration’s regime-change talking points at the Munich Security Conference. Democratic Senator John Fetterman of Pennsylvania explicitly pledged his support for bombing Iran on Newsmax, declaring: “I absolutely was fully supportive and was cheering for that Midnight Hammer.” Democratic Representative Josh Gottheimer issued a bipartisan statement explicitly opposing a resolution that would have prohibited the use of force against Iran without congressional authorization. Democratic Senator Mark Warner declared: “I think it’s appropriate the president has all the options on the table.”

18. The Democrats promote all the vicious anti-Iran propaganda employed by Trump. They echo his characterization of Iran as the “number one state sponsor of terror.” They recycle every lying argument for regime change—from the need to ensure that Iran never has a nuclear weapon to the claim that the Islamic Republic is uniquely oppressive (in a region with savage US-backed dictatorships in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the smaller Gulf states). The New York Times, speaking for the Democratic Party, was actively involved in legitimizing and preparing public opinion for the attack, publishing detailed outlines of military options, including strikes designed to “create the conditions on the ground” for murdering Khamenei. Now that the war has been launched, the Democrats’ “opposition” consists entirely of procedural complaints about the absence of congressional authorization—not a single word of principled opposition to the war itself. Jeffries himself declared, “Iran is a bad actor and must be aggressively confronted.” This is not opposition to war. It is a demand to be included in the decision to wage it.

19. The assault on Iran is the outcome of a 73-year history of American imperialist aggression against that country—a history that makes nonsense of the propaganda presenting Iranian resistance as irrational or unprovoked. In 1953, the CIA and British MI6 overthrew Iran’s democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh to secure Western control of Iranian oil; some 300 people were killed in the streets of Tehran. For 26 years the United States sponsored the Shah’s dictatorship, training and equipping the SAVAK secret police in the methods of torture and repression. During the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–88, the US provided intelligence to Saddam Hussein’s regime knowing it would be used to direct chemical weapons strikes against Iranian soldiers—tens of thousands of whom were gassed. In July 1988, the USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655, a civilian airliner, killing all 290 passengers and crew, including 66 children; the warship’s captain was awarded the Legion of Merit. Since 2007, Israel, with American complicity, has assassinated at least seven Iranian nuclear scientists by car bomb, magnetic device and remote-controlled machine gun. The Stuxnet cyberweapon, jointly developed by the US and Israel, destroyed approximately 1,000 centrifuges at the Natanz facility. In January 2020, the US assassinated General Qasem Soleimani at Baghdad International Airport. In June 2025, the US bombed Iran’s nuclear facilities under international safeguards, killing over 1,000 people and specifically targeting nuclear scientists in their homes. And now, in February 2026, it has assassinated the country’s head of state and dozens of other top officials, as well as bombing an elementary school. To describe Iranian hostility to the United States after all this as irrational is not analysis. It is the self-serving mythology of an imperial power.

20. This is, moreover, a war being waged by a government that is simultaneously at war with the American people. The Trump administration is systematically dismantling democratic rights, purging the civil service, weaponizing federal agencies against political opponents, attacking the judiciary, gutting social programs and concentrating unprecedented power in the executive. It has deployed ICE and CBP agents to terrorize immigrants, murder American citizens, and subject American cities and neighborhoods to police-state methods that violate the Bill of Rights. The same administration that has launched this criminal war against Iran is seeking to impose a dictatorship at home. It governs in the interests of a financial oligarchy whose wealth has reached obscene levels, while the working class confronts falling real wages, a housing crisis, collapsing public services and the erosion of every social gain won over the past century. The war against Iran and the war against the American working class are not separate phenomena. They are two fronts of the same offensive. Militarism abroad has always served as the instrument and companion of social reaction at home.

21. The working class—in the United States, in Iran, in Europe and throughout the world—must be mobilized against this criminal war. No section of the capitalist political establishment will stop it. The Democratic Party, as demonstrated above, is not an opposition to imperialism. The trade union bureaucracies, bound hand and foot to the Democratic Party and the capitalist state, will do nothing. The pseudo-left organizations that orbit these institutions serve only to channel opposition back into the framework of capitalist politics.

22. The Socialist Equality Party and the International Committee of the Fourth International advance the following program in the fight against the criminal war on Iran:

  • The immediate and unconditional cessation of all US and Israeli military operations against Iran. Not a single bomb more, not a single drone more. This war must be stopped now, and with it the broader US-Israeli campaign of aggression across the Middle East—including the ongoing genocide in Gaza and the escalating attacks aimed at subjugating the entire region through terror, blockade and military force.
  • The withdrawal of all US military forces from the Middle East and the closure of the hundreds of military bases that serve as the infrastructure of imperialist domination. The vast network of American military installations across the Persian Gulf—in Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Iraq—exists not to defend the American people but to project the power of American finance capital over the world’s energy resources.
  • The disbanding of NATO and the liquidation of the massive military-intelligence apparatus of American imperialism. More than 1 trillion dollars a year is funneled into the Pentagon and the intelligence agencies—a colossal diversion of social resources into the machinery of death. These resources must be redirected to meet the pressing social needs of the working class: healthcare, education, housing and the rebuilding of crumbling infrastructure.
  • The repudiation of all forms of sanctions and economic warfare against Iran and every other country. The sanctions regime that has strangled the Iranian economy for decades, restricting access to medicine and essential goods, is a form of collective punishment directed against an entire population. It must be ended immediately.
  • Full accountability for the architects and perpetrators of this war. The launching of a war of aggression without congressional authorization, in violation of the U.S. Constitution and the U.N. Charter, is a criminal act. Those responsible—from the president to the military and intelligence officials who planned and executed the assassination of a head of state and the bombing of civilian targets, including an elementary school—must be held to account.
  • The defense and extension of democratic rights. The fight against war cannot be separated from the fight against the fascist transformation of the American state. The same government that bombs Iran without congressional approval is gutting democratic rights at home, attacking the judiciary, weaponizing federal agencies and criminalizing dissent. The working class must defend the right to protest, to organize and to oppose the policies of its government without fear of repression.

23. These demands cannot be achieved through appeals to any section of the political establishment. They require the independent political mobilization of the working class. The International Committee of the Fourth International has established that the building of a genuine anti-war movement must be based on four essential principles:

  • First, the struggle against war must be based on the working class, the great revolutionary force in society, uniting behind it all progressive elements in the population.
  • Second, the new anti-war movement must be anti-capitalist and socialist, since there can be no serious struggle against war except in the fight to end the dictatorship of finance capital and the economic system that is the fundamental cause of militarism and war.
  • Third, the new anti-war movement must be completely and unequivocally independent of, and hostile to, all political parties and organizations of the capitalist class.
  • Fourth, the new anti-war movement must, above all, be international, mobilizing the vast power of the working class in a unified global struggle against imperialism.

24. American workers have nothing to gain and everything to lose from a war that will cost lives, drain resources, fuel inflation and accelerate the drive toward dictatorship. The fight against war is inseparable from the fight against the capitalist system that produces it. Imperialism is not a policy choice; it is the inevitable product of the contradiction between a globally integrated economy and its division into rival nation-states, each dominated by a ruling class that pursues its interests through the exploitation of the working class at home and the plunder of resources and markets abroad. The struggle to stop this war is the struggle to put an end to the profit system itself and to replace the outmoded division of the world into rival nation-states with a world socialist federation, in which the productive forces of humanity are harnessed for the benefit of all.

25. Call meetings in your factories, workplaces, schools and neighborhoods demanding the immediate end of this war. The world must know that the American people oppose this war and demand that it be ended immediately. Take a stand. Join the Socialist Equality Party in the fight to build a powerful movement against imperialist war.

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āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀āļąāˇ”!

āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇ’. 

āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ™āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļšāˇāļŗāˇ€āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎚ (āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē) āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 āļ´āˇ™āļģ⎀āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇš (āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āˇ€āˇšāļŊāˇāˇ€āˇ™āļąāˇŠ) āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļē⎙⎄⎒ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ… āˇ€āˇš.

āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļē⎔āļ¯-āļ‹āļ¸āļ­āˇ” āļšāļŊ⎊āļŊ⎒āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļœ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ”⎀ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļē āļēāļ§āļ­āˇš āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€ ⎃⎘āļĸ⎔⎀āļ¸ āļ‹āļŊ⎊āļŊāļ‚āļāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ¯āˇāˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠāļ­ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇ’. āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļēāļ§ āļ´āˇ„āļģ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ”āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‘āļēāļ§ āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ­āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļąāˇœāļšāˇ… āļģāļ§āļšāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀, āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃āļē⎚ āļļ⎒āļ‚āļ¯āˇ” āļ¸āˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ āˇ„āˇ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļģāļēāļšāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­āˇ’⎀, ⎃āļ¸āˇ–āļŊ āļĸāļą āļāˇāļ­āļš āļŠāˇāˇŠâ€āļģāˇāļēāļŊ āļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…āļ¸āˇ” āļ´āˇāļē āļšāˇ’⎄⎒āļ´āļē āļ­āˇ”⎅, āļ¯āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇāļļ⎊ ⎄⎒ āļļāˇāļŊ⎒āļšāˇ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊāļšāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ ⎀⎖ āļœāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ 24 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ” āļ¸āˇ’āļē āļœāˇ’āļē⎄. āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāˇ€āļŊāļ¯āˇ“ āļšāˇœāļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ, āļ¯āˇƒ āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļŊāļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļœāļĢāļąāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļē āļēāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ¯?

āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ„āļ­āļģāļšāļ§ āļ´āˇ™āļģ, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļąāļē āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļ§ āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē⎚āļē. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ´āˇāˇ„⎐āļ¯āˇ’āļŊ⎒⎀āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎔āļĢāļ¯, āļ”⎄⎔ āļ­āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē ⎃āļŸāˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ´āˇāļē āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļš āˇ€āˇ›āļģ⎓ āļ¯āˇ™āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē āļœāˇāļą āˇƒāˇ”āˇ…āˇ” ⎃āļŗāˇ„āļąāļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē.

āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒ āļ¸āļ­ āļļ⎚⎃⎊āļļāˇāļŊ⎊ āļ­āˇœāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇ’āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇ…āļŗ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ, āļļāˇœāˇ„āˇ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļē āļ¸āˇ„ āļģ⎑  āļ­āļ¸ āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ…āˇšāļē. āļ”⎄⎔ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļ¸āˇāˇ€āļ­āļšāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¸āˇ” āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļē⎚ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāļŗāļąāˇ” āļąāˇāļ­. āļ‘āļē, āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ°āļąāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē⎚ āļœāˇāļŊ⎓āļē āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ¯āˇ’āļœāˇŠāļœāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒⎄⎓āļ¸āļ¯ āļ†āļ´āˇƒāˇ” ⎄āļģ⎀āļąāˇ” āļąāˇāļ­.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āˇ„āˇ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ āļ­āˇ“āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļģ ⎀āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ¸ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇāˇ…⎐āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē ⎄⎐āļšāˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇ€āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎄āļŊāˇāļšāļēāļ¸ āļœāˇ’āļŊ āļœāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­.

āļšāˇ™āļ­āļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇāļ°āˇŠâ€āļē āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ āˇāļģāļĢāļēāļšāļ§ āˇ€āˇ”āˇ€, āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē, 1945-46 āļ¯āˇ“ āļąāˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļąāˇāļēāļšāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļąāˇ’āļē⎔āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāˇŠ āļąāļŠāˇ” ⎀⎒āļˇāˇāļœāˇ€āļŊāļ¯āˇ“ “āˇƒāˇāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļēāļšāˇŠ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇŠāļ¯āļ§,  ⎄āļģ⎒āļēāļ§āļ¸ āˇ„āļģ⎒āļēāļą  āļļ⎀ ⎃⎐āļŸāˇ€āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš.

āļ…āļąāˇāļœāļ­āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļĨāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 28 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē, 1939 ⎃⎐āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ 1 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą āˇ„āˇ’āļ§āˇŠāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāˇŠāļ­āļē āļ†āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ’āˇ€āˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļą āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē⎚ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āˇ€āˇš.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļŊ⎊āļŊ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇšāˇ€āˇāļšāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ„āˇāļģāļē āˇ€āˇ„āˇāļ¸ āļąāˇ€āļ­āļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļļāļŊāļšāļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“.

āļ¸āˇ–āļŊāˇŠâ€āļē-āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāˇ’āļš āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģāļē⎚ āļ…āˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļēāļ­āˇ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē, āļ­āļģ⎔āļĢāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­āˇ’⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ§ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ’āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀āļąāˇ”! Read More Âģ

IMG 0701

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē: ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļšāˇāļŊāļšāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ’āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē, āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēâ€”āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ

WSWS āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˜ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē  

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒ āļ´āˇ…⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļŊāˇāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎙āļļ⎊ āļ…āļŠāˇ€āˇ’āļē⎚ (WSWS) 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 23 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą â€˜The real state of Trump’s America: Social misery, dictatorship, war—and an upsurge of class struggle’ āļēāļą āˇ„āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ…⎀⎖ WSWS āļšāļģ⎊āļ­āˇ˜ āļ¸āļĢ⎊āļŠāļŊāļē  āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļą āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ‚⎄āļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒⎀āļģ⎊āļ­āļąāļē āļē⎒.

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āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ, 2026 āļ´āˇ™āļļāļģāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 23 ⎀āļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ”āļ¯āˇ āˇ€āˇœāˇ‚āˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ§āļąāļē⎚ āļ°āˇ€āļŊ āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’āļģāļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļąāˇ„⎒āļģ āļšāˇāļ¸āļģāļē⎚ “āļ¯āˇšāˇ€āļ¯āˇ–āļ­ āļ´āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļē (Angel Family Day)” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ‹āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļ­āļģāļ­āˇ”āļģ. [AP āļĄāˇāļēāˇāļģ⎖āļ´āļē/āļ‰āˇ€āˇāļąāˇŠ ⎀⎔āļ āˇ’]

āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸāļąāˇāļ°āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇœāļąāļŊ⎊āļŠāˇŠ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃āļē⎚ āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇƒāˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇāļģāļēāļ¯āˇ“ āļ…āļŸāˇ„āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ’āļš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļąāļē āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ…⎀āļ‚āļšāˇ€ āļ‘āļ¸ āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€ āļąāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎔āļąāˇš āļąāļ¸āˇŠ, āļ‘āļē “āļ°āļąāˇ€āļ­āˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­â€“āļ‘āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļē⎚ ⎀⎒āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāļē āļļ⎜āļģ⎔ āļšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļšāˇŠ āļēāļ§ āˇ€āˇ…āļŊāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ‚-āˇƒāˇ”āļļ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āˇ€āˇāļ āˇāļŊ āļšāļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ āļ…āļˇāˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇƒāļēāļšāˇ’.

āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļąāļē āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļąāˇ” āļŊāļļāļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē⎚ 250 ⎀āļą āˇƒāļ‚⎀āļ­āˇŠāˇƒāļģāļē ⎃⎐āļ¸āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļąāˇ’āļēāļ¸āˇ’āļ­ āˇ€āļģāˇŠāˇ‚āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“āļē. 2026 āļĸ⎖āļŊ⎒ 4 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, “āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎊āļ¸āˇāļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­” āļēāļąāˇ”⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāˇ„ “āļĸ⎓⎀⎒āļ­āļē, āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ­āˇ”āļ§ āļŊ⎔⎄⎔āļļ⎐āļŗāˇ“āļ¸āˇš” āļ…⎄⎒āļ¸āˇ’ āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ āļ…āļē⎒āļ­āˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļšāļ¸āˇŠ āļ­āˇ„⎀⎔āļģ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāļē āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāļē āļļ⎒⎄⎒āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇāļœāˇāļ¸āˇ“⎄⎔ III ⎀āļą āļĸāˇāļģ⎊āļĸ⎊ āļģāļĸ⎔āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎀⎒āļ´āˇŠāļŊ⎀āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļšāˇ…⎄.

āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇ’āļē āļ´āļąāˇ„āļšāļ§ āļ´āˇƒāˇ”, āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļ´āļģāļ¸āˇāļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļœāˇšāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļ­āˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠ āļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļē⎒: āļ‘āļē, āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ ⎀⎖ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļģāļĸāļēāļšāˇŠ, ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇāļ§āļŊ⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎀⎓āļ¸, āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ⎓ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļœāˇāļŊ⎊ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ, āļ¯āˇ™āļ¸āˇāļ´āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ āļ‹āļ¯āˇ”āļģāˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļ´āˇœāļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¯āˇ’⎀āļŊ ⎆⎙āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļģāˇāļē⎔āļ° āˇƒāˇ’āˇ€āˇ’āļŊ⎊ āˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļ¸, āļ†āļ¯āˇ“ āļ¯āˇš ⎀āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļ­āˇ€ āļ‡āļ­.

āļģāˇāˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļĸāˇ™āˇ†āˇŠāļģ⎒ āļ‘āļ´āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¯āˇ”āļģ⎊āļœāļąāˇŠāļ°āļēāļē⎒. ⎅āļ¸āˇ āļŊ⎒āļ‚āļœāˇ’āļš āˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļĸāˇāˇ€āˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ°āˇāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ™āˇ‚āˇŠāļ¨ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļ§ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇ ⎄⎙⎅⎒āļ¯āļģāˇ€āˇŠ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļšāļģāļĢ āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 3 āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇ’āļšāˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ¸āļœāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ‚āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāļ´āˇ’āļ­ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš āļ‰āˇ„⎅ ⎃⎊āļŽāļģ ⎃⎜āļŊāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­. āļŊāˇāˇƒāˇ€āˇ™āļ… āˇƒāļˇāˇāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŠāˇšāˇ€āˇ’āļŠāˇŠ āļąāˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇŠ āļ¸āˇ‘āļ­āļšāļ¯āˇ“ ⎃āļ¯āˇ„āļąāˇŠ āļšāļŊ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’, āļ‘āļ¸ āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’āļœāˇœāļąāˇ” , “āļ¯āˇ’āļģāˇāļ´āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇš āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļą āļ´āļģāˇ’āˇ„āˇāļąāˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļš āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāļēāļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ¯āˇšāˇ„āļē ⎄⎙⎅⎒ āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ° āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļœāļąāļĢāļē⎚ āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē; āļ’āˇ€āˇāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ”āļĢ⎔āļœāļŗ āˇ€āˇ„āļąāļē āˇ€āˇš.”

āļ¸āˇšāˇ€āˇāļ§ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļ¸ āļœāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ° āˇ€āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. āļąāˇ“āļ­āˇ’āļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇāļ¸āˇŠ āļļ⎜āļąāˇŠāļŠāˇ’, āļŠāˇ€āˇŠ āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļšāļē 50,000 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇƒāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļ¯āˇœāļŠāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ, āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļšāˇ™āļģ⎙āļą āļšāļģāļĢ⎔ āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāˇ€āļŊāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģ āļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļē. 2019 āļ¯āˇ“ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāļŊ⎒ ⎀⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļąāļģ⎊ āļ‘āļ´āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āļē⎒āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎃āļ¸-āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļšāļģ⎔⎀⎙āļšāˇ” āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄āļŗāˇ”āļąāˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ FBI āļŊ⎚āļ›āļąāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎄⎙⎅⎒ ⎀āļą āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ, āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” āļ āˇāļ¯āļąāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļ”⎄⎔āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ āļąāˇœāļ¸āˇāļ­. āļ‘āļ´āˇŠāˇƒāˇŠāļ§āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸āˇ āļĸāˇāˇ€āˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāˇ… āļœāˇāˇ„⎐āļĢ⎔ ⎅āļ¸āļē⎒āļąāˇŠ â€œāˇ„āˇ’āˇƒ āļ‰āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ ⎁āļģ⎓āļģāļē āļ­āļļāˇ āļœāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ āļ‰āˇƒāˇŠāˇƒāļąāˇŠâ€ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāļ‚āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļ¯āļąāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļļ⎀ ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇŠâ€āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠ āļ­āˇāļ´āˇ‘āļŊ⎊ āļŊ⎒āļ´āˇ’ āļ´āˇ™āļąāˇŠāˇ€āļē⎒. āļ¸āˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļē⎒.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļŊāˇāļ´ āļēāļ§āˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐⎅āļŊ⎙āļą āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļŊāļšāˇ āļļāļŊāļąāˇŠāļą. āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āļĢāļē āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 38.4 āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļģāļ§āˇš āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļ¸ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ 113,000 āļš āļĢāļē āļļāļģāļšāˇŠ āļ¯āļģāļē⎒. āļ‘āļē āļ¯āˇ’āļąāļšāļ§ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 8 āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎙āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊ āļ…āļē⎀⎐āļē āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāˇāļŊāļē (CBO) āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āļ…āļē ⎀⎐āļē ⎄⎒āļŸāļē āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1.9 āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´āļĢāļē āļšāļģāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē 2036 ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 3.1 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē āˇ€āˇš. āļĢāļē āļ¯āˇ… āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļąāˇ’āˇ‚āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ’āļ­āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 120 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ ⎅āļŸāˇ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇŠāļŽāˇāˇ€āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ…āļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāļąāˇ“.

2025 āļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģāļē āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 9 āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ´āˇ„āļ­ āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ”āļĢ⎒. āļ‘āļē 2017 āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇƒāˇ” āļ‘⎄⎒ āļąāļģāļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ’āļš āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ  āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļļ⎑āļ¸āļš āļšāļŊāˇāļ´āļē⎚ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. BRICS āļģāļ§āˇ€āļŊ⎊ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇ“āļē āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ⎊ āļ’āļšāļš āˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗ āļ´āˇ’āļē⎀⎓āļ¸āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 35 āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ 50 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. 2020 āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇ”āļ āˇŠāļ āˇ’āļ­ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāˇāļ¸ āˇ€āˇ’āļąāˇāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ ⎀⎓ āļ‡āļ­: āļ†āˇ„āˇāļģ āļ¸āˇ’⎅ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 25 āļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāˇāļ¸, āļąāˇ’āˇ€āˇāˇƒ āļ´āˇ’āļģ⎒⎀⎐āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ¸āļ­āˇŠ āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ’āļšāˇ€ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 3 āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāˇāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļš āļœāˇ‘āˇƒāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 10 āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļēāˇāļ¸ āļ†āļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎁āļē⎙āļąāˇ’.

⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļ…āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļ­āˇāˇ€āļē⎚ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸ āļ“āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļš āˇ€āˇāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ™āļģ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇ– ⎀⎒āļģ⎖ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āļš āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ“. āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļšāˇ”āļ§āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠāļˇ 1% āļ¯āˇāļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎔ āļ°āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 31.7 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāļē⎒. āļ‘āļē 1989 āļ¯āˇ“ ⎆⎙āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļ¸āˇ„ āļļ⎐āļ‚āļšāˇ”⎀ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ¯āļ­āˇŠāļ­ āļąāˇ’āļģ⎓āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļ´āļ§āļąāˇŠ āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļ¯āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāļē⎒. āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļ­āˇ”⎀ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 55 āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļĸāļą āļœāˇ„āļąāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 90 āļ§ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ°āļąāļē⎚ āļ‘āļšāļ­āˇ”⎀āļ§ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļąāļē. āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļąāļ´āļ­āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠ 935 āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļœāˇš āļ’āļšāˇāļļāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āļ°āļąāļē 2025 āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāˇāļąāļē⎚ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 8.1 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœāˇ’āļē⎚āļē.

DOGE ( āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļēāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļ¸āļ­āˇ āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀) ⎄āļģāˇ„āˇ ⎆⎙āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļģāļĸāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇ ⎄⎐āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš ⎄⎀⎔āļŊ⎊āļšāļģ⎔ ⎀āļą āļ‘āļŊ⎜āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇŠ, āļ”⎄⎔āļœāˇš āļ°āļąāļē āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 726 āļ¯āļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļ¯āļ¸āˇāļœāˇ™āļą āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. S&P 500 ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸āˇŠāˇ€āļŊ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ°āˇāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš ⎀āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’ āļœāˇ™āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āˇŠ ⎀āļŊ āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļēāļēāļē āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 18.9 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē–āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇŠâ€āļē āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļšāļē⎙āļšāˇ”āļœāˇš ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ”āļ´ āļ¸āˇ™āļąāˇŠ 285 āļœāˇ”āļĢāļēāļšāˇ’; āļ‘āļē 1965 āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāˇ€āļ­āˇ’ 21 āļ§ 1  ⎀āļą āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ´āˇāļ­āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§  āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­. 1978 āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ°āˇāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ°āˇāļēāļš āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎓ ⎀⎐āļ§āˇ”āļ´ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 1,094 āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļœāˇœāˇƒāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āˇƒāˇšāˇ€āļš āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ”āļ´ āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 26 āļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļšāˇŠ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇ’ ⎀⎓ āļ­āˇ’āļļ⎚. āļ§āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāļŊāˇ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļœāļ¸ āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļšāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 1 āļš āˇ€āˇāļ§āˇ”āļ´āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļšāˇšāļĸāļēāļšāˇŠ āļēāˇāļĸāļąāˇ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇƒāˇŠāļ­ āˇ†āˇ™āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āˇāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸ āļļāļŊāļšāˇāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ”⎅⎔ āˇ€āˇāļģāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ’āļš āˇ€āļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇ’ āļ¸āˇ”āļ¯āļŊ āļ‰āļšāˇŠāļ¸āˇ€āˇ āļēāļē⎒. āļšāˇœāļ§āˇƒāˇŠ ⎀⎙⎅āļŗāļ´āˇœāˇ… āļĸāˇāļ­āˇ’āļš āˇƒāļ¸āˇ˜āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’āļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇ”āļ¸āļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāˇ€āˇš. āļ‘āļē āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āļ´āˇœāˇ„āˇœāˇƒāļ­āˇŠāļšāļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ´āļģāˇāļ¸āˇ’āļ­āˇ’āļēāļšāˇ’.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯āļē⎚ ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ ⎀āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āļˇāļēāˇāļąāļš āļ¸āˇāļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļĸāļąāļœāˇ„āļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ ⎃āļąāˇŠāļąāļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇ†āˇ™āļŠāļģāļŊ⎊ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ āļē⎙āļ¯āˇ€āˇ“āļ¸āļē⎒. 2025 āļ¯āˇ™āˇƒāˇāļ¸āˇŠāļļāļģ⎊ āļ¸āˇāˇƒāļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ”āļ´āļģāˇšāˇ‚āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ™āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ ⎃āļģ⎊āļĸ⎊ (Operation Metro Surge) āļ¯āˇ’āļēāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āˇ€āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāļ¸āˇ”⎄⎔āļĢ⎔ āļ´āˇāˇ…āļŗāļœāļ­āˇŠ ICE (āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āļ†āļœāļ¸āļą āˇƒāˇ„ āļģ⎚āļœāˇ” āļļāļŊāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āˇš āļ†āļēāļ­āļąāļē) āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ¸āˇ”āļģ ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇāļģ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ 3,000 āļšāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇƒāˇāļ§āˇ ⎄⎒ āļąāˇ’⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļąāļœāļģ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļē⎜āļ¯āˇ€āļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. DHS  (āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļ¯āˇšāˇ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļš āļ¯āˇ™āļ´āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āļ¸āˇšāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ”⎀) āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠāļ¸ āļ‘āļē āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āˇ€āˇ’āˇāˇāļŊāļ­āļ¸ āˇƒāļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎙āļē⎔āļ¸ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ ⎄⎐āļŗāˇ’āļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ’āļĢ⎒. āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 7 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, ICE āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ 37 ⎄⎐⎀⎒āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’āļē⎙āļšāˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ­āˇ’āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ™āļšāˇ”āļœāˇš āļ¸āˇ€āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļģ⎙āļąāˇ“ āļœāˇ”āļŠāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯āˇ“. āļĸāļąāˇ€āˇāļģ⎒ 24 ⎀āļą āļ¯āˇ’āļą, āļ¯āˇšāˇāˇƒāˇ“āļ¸āˇ āļ¸āˇ”āļģ ⎃āļ‚āļ āˇāļģ āļąāˇ’āļēāˇāļĸ⎒āļ­āļēāļąāˇŠ 37 ⎄⎐⎀⎒āļģ⎒āļ¯āˇ’ ICU ⎄⎙āļ¯ āļąāˇ’āļŊāļ°āˇāļģ⎒āļē⎙āļšāˇ”⎀āļą āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎙āļ§āˇŠāļ§āˇ’āļ§ āˇ€āˇ™āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āļļāˇ āļāˇāļ­āļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ”⎄⎔ āļļ⎒āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļ­āˇ’āļģ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļēāļ¯āˇ“ āļ”⎄⎔āļ§ āˇ€āļ§ 10 āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇ€āˇ™āļŠāˇ’ āļ­āˇāļļ⎓āļē.

āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļģāļ§ āļ´āˇ”āļģāˇ āļģ⎐āļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģ⎔ āļĸāˇāļŊāļēāļšāˇŠ āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāļŸāˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 66,000 āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļąāˇŠāļą āˇƒāļ‚āļ›āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāˇ€āļšāˇŠ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļ‡āļ­â€“āļ‘āļē āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļēāļ§ 75 āļš āˇ€āˇāļŠāˇ’⎀⎓āļ¸āļšāˇŠ ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļ‰āļ­āˇ’āˇ„āˇāˇƒāļē⎚ āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļ¸ āļ¸āļ§āˇŠāļ§āļ¸āļē⎒. āļšāˇœāļ‚āļœāˇŠâ€āļģ⎃āļē āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļ¸āļ°āˇŠâ€āļē⎃⎊āļŽāˇāļą āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļŠāˇœāļŊāļģ⎊ āļļ⎒āļŊ⎒āļēāļą 45 āļšāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ, āļ‘⎄⎒ āļ°āˇāļģ⎒āļ­āˇāˇ€ 135,000 āļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇšāļ´āļĢāļē āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļœāļ­ āļ…āļąāˇ”āļ´āˇāļ­āļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ¯āļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āļ­āļ¸ āļ¯āˇ™āļ¸āˇāļ´āˇ’āļēāļąāˇŠāļœāˇ™āļąāˇŠ ⎀⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎚. āļ§āˇ™āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇāˇƒāˇŠ ⎄⎒ āˇ†āˇāļģ⎊āļ§āˇŠ āļļ⎊āļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠ (Fort Bliss) ⎄⎒ āļšāˇ–āļŠāˇāļģāļ¸āˇŠ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģāļš, āļ¯āˇ™āˇ€āļą āļŊāˇāļš āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ° āˇƒāļ¸āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“ āļĸāļ´āļąāˇŠ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ”⎀āļąāˇŠ ⎃āļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļģ āļšāļŗāˇ€āˇ”āļģāļšāˇŠ āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ´āˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ āˇŠāļ āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļœāļ­āˇŠ  āļˇāˇ–āļ¸āˇ’āļē⎚āļ¸ āļ´āˇ”āļ¯āˇŠāļœāļŊāļē⎒āļąāˇŠ 5,000 āļšāˇŠ āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“. 2025, ICE āļģāļŗāˇ€āˇ āļ­āļļāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇāļģ⎊āļ­āˇāļœāļ­ āļ¸āˇāļģāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļšāļ¸ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ ⎀⎒āļē.

āļ¸āˇ™āˇ„⎒āļ¯āˇ“ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āļšāˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļ¯āˇ” ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ ⎀⎒āļģ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļąāˇœāļšāļģāļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. āļ…āļŸāˇ„āļģāˇ”āˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ āļģāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļē⎚ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļ•āļąāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļˇāˇ’āļąāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ…āļģ⎊āļŽ āˇ€āˇ’āļģ⎄⎒āļ­ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļēāˇāļœ āˇ€āļąāˇ” āļ‡āļ­. ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āļē⎚āļ¯āˇ“, āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļœāļ­āˇŠ āļšāļģ⎔āļĢ⎔ ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļ”⎀⎔⎄⎔ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļē⎙āļąāˇŠ āļšāļ§āļē⎔āļ­āˇ” āļšāļģāļ­āˇ’. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ¸āļ­āļˇāˇšāļ¯ āļ´āˇ€āļ­āˇ’āļą āļ­āˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āļŊ, āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļšāˇšāļąāˇŠāļ¯āˇŠâ€āļģāļœāļ­ āˇ€āˇ“ āļ‡āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ…āļ°āˇ’āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļēāļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļē⎚ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļē⎁⎓āļŊ⎓ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļą āļ¸āļ­ āļēâ€“āˇƒāˇ’āļēāļŊ⎊āļŊāļ§āļ­āˇŠ ⎀āļŠāˇ, āļē⎔āļšāˇŠāļģ⎚āļąāļē āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļģāˇ”āˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇāˇ€āļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ āļ‘āļšāˇŠāˇƒāļ­āˇŠ āļĸāļąāļ´āļ¯-āļąāˇšāļ§āˇ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎜āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇ’ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āļ”⎄⎔ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇāļĢ⎀āļ­āˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āļēāˇāļœāļēāļšāˇŠ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇāļšāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ…āļ­āˇ˜āļ´āˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎒. āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ āļ‰āļģāˇāļąāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļģāˇ āļēāļą āļœāļ¸āļąāˇšāļ¯āˇ“, āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ¯āˇ™āļš āļ…āļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāˇ€āˇāˇŠâ€āļē āļ‘āļšāļŸāļ­āˇāˇ€āļēāļš āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ’āļ­āˇ’.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļģāˇāļĸāˇŠâ€āļē āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€ āļ¯āˇšāˇāļąāļēāļ§ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļ āˇāļģāļē āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ´āļ­āˇŠ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāˇŠ āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚āļē āˇƒāˇ“āļ…āļē⎒āļ’ āˇ„āˇ’āļ§āļ´āˇ” āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎀⎓āļĢāļēāļąāˇŠâ€“āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ āˇƒāˇ™āļąāˇ™āļ§āˇŠ ⎃āļˇāˇ’āļš āļ‘āļŊāˇ’āˇƒāˇ ⎃⎊āļŊ⎜āļ§āˇŠāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¸āˇ™āļ¸ āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ ⎀āļģ⎊āļĸ⎒āļąāˇ’āļēāˇ āļ†āļĢ⎊āļŠāˇ”āļšāˇāļģ āļ…āļļ⎒āļœāˇšāļŊ⎊ ⎃⎊āļ´āˇāļąāˇŠāļļāļģ⎊āļœāļģ⎊ – āļ­āˇāļģāˇ āļœāˇāļąāˇ“āļ¸āļ¸, āļļāļģ⎊āļąāˇ’ ⎃⎐āļąāˇŠāļŠāļģ⎊⎃⎊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ‡āļŊ⎙āļšāˇŠāˇƒāˇāļąāˇŠāļŠāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇ āļ”āļšāˇāˇƒāˇ’āļēāˇ-āļšāˇāļģ⎊āļ§āˇ™āˇƒāˇŠāļœāˇš â€œāˇ€āˇāļ¸â€ ⎄āļŦāļšāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ„āˇ’āļ­ āˇ€āˇāļ āˇāļŊāļšāļ¸ āļˇāˇāˇ€āˇ’āļ­āˇ āļšāļģāļ¸āˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇ„⎅⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģāļēāļšāˇŠ āļ¸āļ­āˇ”⎀⎓āļ¸ āļ…⎀⎄⎒āļģ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ”⎀⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ¸āˇ’āļŊ⎒āļ§āļģ⎒-āļļ⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āˇ’ āļēāˇāļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļēāļ§ āļ¯āˇ™āļąāˇ” āļŊ⎐āļļ⎖ āˇƒāˇ„āļ­āˇ’āļšāļēāļšāˇ’.

āļąāˇ’āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļē⎚ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ 250 ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇƒāļģ ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇ’āļ§ āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē āļ¸āˇ™āļēāļē⎒: āļ‘āļē, āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āļģ⎊āļĢāļ¸āļē āļē⎔āļœāļē⎚ (Gilded Age) āˇƒāˇ’āļ§ āļąāˇœāļ¯āˇ”āļ§āˇ” āļ´āļģ⎒āļ¸āˇāļĢāļēāļšāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇāˇ€āļŊ⎒āļąāˇŠ āļ‰āļģ⎒āļ­āļŊāˇ āļœāˇ’āļē, āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļĸāˇāļ­āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē⎚ āļ¸āˇ€āˇāļ´āˇ‘āļ¸ āļ´āˇ€āˇ āļ…āļ­āˇŠāˇ„⎐āļģ āļ¯āˇāļ¸āˇ–, ⎀⎒āļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļąāˇŠāˇ„⎒ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāļ§ āļ­āˇ”⎅ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļ§ āļąāˇāļšāˇ”āļģ⎔ ⎀⎖ āļ…āļ´āļģāˇāļ°āļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļēāļšāˇŠ āˇ€āˇ’āˇƒāˇ’āļąāˇŠ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸āˇāļĸāļēāļšāˇ’.

āļąāļ¸āˇ”āļ­āˇŠ ⎃āļ¸āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ­āˇ€āļ­āˇŠ āļ´āˇāļ­āˇŠāļ­āļšāˇŠ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘āļē āļ­āˇ“āļģāļĢāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ‘āļšāļšāˇ’. āļ´āˇāļŊāļš āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āˇ„āˇ āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļē āļšāļģāˇ āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāļģāļą āļ‘āļ¸ āļ…āļģ⎊āļļ⎔āļ¯āļēāļ¸ āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļēāļ§ āļ­āļŊ⎊āļŊ⎔ āļšāļģāļē⎒. ⎀āļģ⎊āļ°āļąāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€āˇāļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļą āļģ⎐āļŊ⎊āļŊāļšāˇŠ, ICE ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āˇ“ āļ¸āˇ„āļĸāļą āˇ€āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļ­āˇ, āļ´āˇƒāˇ”āļœāˇ’āļē āˇ€āˇƒāļģ⎚ “āļąāˇ-āļšāˇ’āļ‚āļœāˇŠāˇƒāˇŠ ( āļģāļĸ⎔āļąāˇŠ āļ‘āļ´āˇ!)” āļ´āˇāļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠ, āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒāˇŠ āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊ⎊ āˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇ”āļąāˇŠāļœāˇš āļ…āļ›āļĢ⎊āļŠ āļ´āˇāļœāļ¸āļąāˇŠâ€“āļ¸āˇšāˇ€āˇ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ āˇ€āˇŠâ€āļēāˇāļ´āˇāļģ⎒āļš āļ´āļšāˇŠāˇ‚ āļ¯āˇ™āļšāļ§ āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļšāˇ’ ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļļāļŊāˇ€āˇšāļœāļēāļš āļ†āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļˇāļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļšāˇāˇāļąāļēāļąāˇŠ āˇ€āˇš.

āļ­āˇ“āļģāļąāˇāļ­āˇŠāļ¸āļš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģ⎁⎊āļąāļē ⎀āļąāˇŠāļąāˇš āļ¯āˇšāˇāļ´āˇāļŊāļą āˇ€āˇāļŠāļ´āˇ’⎅⎒⎀⎙āļŊ, āļ‰āļ¯āˇ’āļģ⎒āļ¯āļģ⎊⎁āļąāļē āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļ´āˇ’⎅⎒āļļāļŗ āļ‘āļšāļšāˇ’. āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠ āļ´āļģ⎒āļ´āˇāļŊāļąāļēāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒ ⎀⎒āļģāˇāļ°āļē āļ”⎄⎔ āļšāļģāļą āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āļ¯āˇ™āļēāļšāļ§āļ¸ āˇ„āˇ€āˇ”āļŊ⎊ ⎀āļą āļŠāˇ’āļ¸āˇœāļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ§āˇ’āļšāļēāļąāˇŠāļ§ āļˇāˇāļģ āļ¯āˇ’āļē āļąāˇœāˇ„⎐āļš. āļ‘āļē āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’āļē⎚ āˇƒāˇŠāˇ€āˇāļ°āˇ“āļą āļļāļŊāļ¸āˇ”āļŊ⎔ āļœāˇāļąāˇŠāˇ€āˇ“āļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎒āļē āļē⎔āļ­āˇ”āļē.

āļšāļ¸āˇŠāļšāļģ⎔⎀āļąāˇŠ āˇƒāˇ‘āļ¸ āˇ€āˇāļŠāļļ⎒āļ¸āļšāļ¸, āļ´āˇāˇƒāļŊāļšāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ…āˇƒāļŊāˇŠāˇ€āˇāˇƒāˇ’ āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¯āˇšāˇāļēāļšāļ¸ āļšāˇŠâ€āļģ⎒āļēāˇāļšāˇāļģ⎓ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļ´āˇ’⎄⎒āļ§āˇ”āˇ€āˇ āļœāļ­ āļē⎔āļ­āˇŠāļ­āˇš āļ´āˇŠâ€āļģāļ­āˇ’āļģāˇāļ°āļē ⎃āļ¸āˇŠāļļāļąāˇŠāļ°āˇ“āļšāļģāļĢāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§, ICE āļ­āˇŠâ€āļģ⎃⎊āļ­āˇ€āˇāļ¯āļē āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļąāˇŠ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāˇ™āˇƒ āļ‰āļŊ⎊āļŊāˇ āˇƒāˇ’āļ§āˇ“āļ¸āļ§, ⎃āļ‚āļšāˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āļĢ⎒āļšāļēāļąāˇŠ āļ†āļģāļšāˇŠāˇ‚āˇ āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„ āļģāļĸāļē⎚ āļē⎔āļ¯, āļšāļ´āˇŠāļ´āˇāļ¯āˇ” āˇƒāˇ„ āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļ§ āļ‘āļģ⎙⎄⎒⎀ āļ¸āˇ„āˇ ⎀⎐āļŠ āˇ€āļģ⎊āļĸāļąāļēāļšāļ§ āˇƒāˇ–āļ¯āˇāļąāļ¸āˇŠ ⎀⎓āļ¸āļ§ āļē. ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āˇƒāˇ„ āļĸāˇāļ­āˇŠâ€āļēāļąāˇŠāļ­āļģāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ ⎀⎐āļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļš āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ āˇƒāļ‚⎀⎒āļ°āˇāļąāļē āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ‘⎀⎐āļąāˇ’ āļšāļ¸āˇ’āļ§āˇ” āļœāˇœāļŠāļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸ āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāļąāˇ” āļšāļ­āˇ’āļ´āļēāˇāļ°āˇ’āļšāˇāļģ⎓āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē⎚ āˇ†āˇāˇƒāˇ’āˇƒāˇŠāļ§āˇŠ āļšāˇ”āļ¸āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇŠâ€āļģāļĢāļē āļ´āļģāˇāļĸāļē āļšāˇ’āļģ⎓āļ¸ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āˇ āļ‡āļ­āˇ’ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļēāļŽāˇāļģ⎊āļŽāˇ€āˇāļ¯āˇ“ āļ‹āļ´āˇāļē āļ¸āˇāļģ⎊āļœāļēāļē⎒.

āļ§āˇŠâ€āļģāļ¸āˇŠāļ´āˇŠāļœāˇš āļ‡āļ¸āļģ⎒āļšāˇāˇ€āˇš ⎃⎐āļļ⎑ āļ­āļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē: ⎃āļ¸āˇāļĸ āļšāˇāļŊāļšāļąāˇŠāļąāˇ’āļˇāˇāˇ€āļē, āļ†āļĨāˇāļ¯āˇāļēāļšāļ­āˇŠāˇ€āļē, āļē⎔āļ¯āˇŠāļ°āļēâ€”āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āļąāˇŠāļ­āˇ’ āļ…āļģāļœāļŊāļē⎚ āļąāˇāļœāˇ“āļ¸āļšāˇŠ Read More Âģ

Metz

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 21 February 2026

This political report for the week of February 15–21, 2026, is compiled based on coverage from the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS.org).

Metz
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, peaks standing between Alexander Sollfrank, right, Commander of the Operational Command and Carsten Breuer, Inspector General of the Bundeswehr, during his first visit to the Operational Command of the Bundeswehr in Brandenburg, Schwielowsee, Saturday, June 28, 2025. [AP Photo/Michael Kappeler/DPA via AP, Pool]

I. Imperialism and War

US War Preparations Against Iran

The most urgent development of the week is the accelerating US preparation for war against Iran. Washington drew up plans for “leadership change” and “targeting of individuals” in any Iran strike, while US forces were repositioned in the region in readiness for what military planners described as a “sustained, weeks-long” campaign.[1] The USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group was already operational in the Arabian Sea and the USS Gerald R. Ford — the world’s largest warship — transited the Strait of Gibraltar and entered the Mediterranean. More than 50 fighter jets, two carrier strike groups and dozens of refueling tankers were deployed.[2]

Trump and Netanyahu held a three-hour war council at the White House to coordinate strategy.[3] European imperialist powers — Britain, Germany and others — lined up behind regime-change in Tehran. This is not a bilateral US-Iran crisis but an expression of inter-imperialist competition for regional dominance, energy resources and geostrategic control. The working class internationally must oppose this war drive through mass mobilisation, linking anti-war demands to opposition to the domestic austerity imposed to finance rearmament.

Gaza: Slaughter Continues Amid Diplomatic Theatre

Israeli air strikes killed 12 Palestinians on the eve of Trump’s “Board of Peace” meeting — a cynical exercise in diplomatic theatre that masks Washington’s unconditional backing for genocide. Eyewitness testimony from Gaza published during the week, recounting the brutal killing of a Palestinian child and the systematic denial of medical care, cuts through every abstraction and exposes the class basis of imperialist violence. More than 100 international film artists condemned the Berlinale festival for censoring artists who oppose Israel’s actions, while Germany’s parliament president conducted an embedded visit to Gaza, signalling Berlin’s endorsement of the genocidal campaign. European institutions are not neutral bystanders — they are complicit partners in imperialist crime.

Militarisation of Europe

The heads of British and German armed forces called this week for “whole-of-society” mobilisation and massive increases in defence spending, demanding that Europe’s populations be made ready for war. Factories in ailing industrial regions of Berlin are being repurposed for military weapons production. This is a declaration of class war: rearmament will be paid for by workers through wage cuts, service reductions and political repression. The working class must respond with international anti-war mobilisation and rank-and-file committees to resist the austerity that militarisation demands.

II. Authoritarian Consolidation and State Repression

ICE: Spearhead for Dictatorship

ICE raids intensified across the United States during the week. Masked ICE agents conducted operations outside GM’s Factory Zero in Detroit; two Amazon Flex drivers were abducted during enforcement actions; a two-month-old infant was deported after falling gravely ill in a south Texas detention facility; and a former Cass Tech student, Alcides Caceres, was held in what lawyers described as an illegal “domestic GuantÃĄnamo.” Immigration attorney Eric Lee warned that the mass detention infrastructure being constructed by the Trump administration is the spearhead of a broader drive toward authoritarianism and domestic dictatorship.

Pennsylvania high school students who walked out in protest against ICE operations were met with violent police repression. The UAW bureaucracy remained silent as agents operated outside Factory Zero. This silence is not accidental — it reflects the union apparatus’s accommodation to state and employer power. The defence of immigrant workers is inseparable from the defence of the entire working class, and requires workplace committees prepared to shut down production in defence of coworkers.

Trump’s Assault on Democratic Rights

Trump signalled plans for an executive order restricting voting procedures ahead of midterm elections. The jailing of a former South Korean president for coup-related offences, contrasted with Trump’s continued occupation of the White House, illustrates the decomposition of bourgeois democratic forms under the weight of capitalist crisis. These are not isolated authoritarian manoeuvres — they form part of a systematic consolidation of executive power that requires mass, independent working-class political resistance, including preparedness for a general strike.

State Repression Internationally

In Hungary, German anti-fascist Maja T. was sentenced to eight years in prison in a politically orchestrated show trial. France’s mainstream politics lurched further right following the death of a prominent fascist figure. The ANC government in South Africa moved to deploy the army domestically to suppress worker unrest. Russia banned WhatsApp. The Albanese Labor government in Australia moved to bar women and children interned in Syria from returning home. France’s human rights commission documented torture, mass detentions and systematic discrimination against the Kanak people during 2024 unrest in New Caledonia. The common thread is the international capitalist class reaching for repression as its preferred instrument of social management.

III. Global Economy and Corporate Restructuring

IMF Presses China; Inter-Imperialist Economic Rivalry Sharpens

The IMF this week called on China to halve industrial subsidies from 4 to 2 percent of GDP and pivot from export-led manufacturing to domestic consumption, warning of international “spillovers” from China’s growing trade surplus and rising share of global manufacturing. Beijing rejected the framing, defending its competitiveness as innovation-driven — signalling that no major course correction will follow and that economic confrontation, above all with Washington, will intensify. The IMF’s prescriptions are not neutral technical advice but coordinated imperialist pressure to constrain China’s industrial rise. Workers in China and internationally must reject both IMF-dictated restructuring and nationalist protectionism as twin instruments of rival capitalist classes.

Wages, Jobs and Corporate Profits

The week’s economic reporting exposed the class content of the global “cost of living crisis” with precision. In Australia, new data confirmed real wages have fallen to their lowest level in 15 years — nominal growth of 3.4 percent against inflation of 3.8 percent — while major corporations simultaneously announced record profits and accelerated job cuts. Volkswagen announced plans to impose a 20 percent cost reduction across all its brands by 2028, equivalent to â‚Ŧ60 billion annually, with entire plant closures envisaged — an escalation beyond the 35,000 job cuts and real wage reductions of up to 18 percent already certified by IG Metall in December 2024. UPS simultaneously prepared a second round of driver buyouts ahead of 30,000 planned layoffs in 2026, while the Los Angeles Unified School District moved to eliminate hundreds of positions. The US Department of Labor’s annual tally recorded 5,070 workers killed on the job in 2024 — not accidents but the structural outcome of deregulation, staffing cuts and production speedups driven by the profit motive, with union bureaucracies and weakened regulators normalising lethal conditions. In Argentina, Javier Milei’s Labour Modernisation Law — slashing protections and facilitating mass layoffs — passed despite a national general strike, as the CGT and allied bureaucracies deliberately confined action to a symbolic 24-hour stoppage. India’s BJP budget raised defence spending by approximately 15 percent while cutting the share of social expenditure and shifting rural relief costs onto cash-strapped states, combining military build-up with attacks on workers’ rights through new labour “reforms.”

Militarisation of Production and Civilian Infrastructure

The economic offensive is inseparable from the drive toward war. In Berlin, factories in declining industrial regions are being bought up and retooled for military weapons production. Walter Reed military hospital formalised an agreement with Kaiser Permanente to coordinate mass-casualty care for future wars — the subordination of civilian healthcare to military contingency planning. Veolia, the multinational water services corporation, was implicated in New Zealand’s wastewater crisis, exposing how the privatisation of essential infrastructure produces environmental disaster and social harm. Across every sector, the picture is the same: capital extracts record profits, destroys jobs, slashes wages, converts civilian production to military ends — and charges the working class for it all. The working class must reject the austerity that funds militarism, build independent rank-and-file committees to resist corporate restructuring, and link these struggles across borders and sectors into a unified international movement.

IV. Austerity and Economic Warfare

India: Guns Before Butter

The BJP government’s 2026–27 budget raised defence spending by approximately 15 percent while cutting the share of social spending and shifting rural relief costs to debt-ridden states. Corporate subsidies and infrastructure CAPEX were expanded alongside labour “reforms” that erode workers’ rights. The budget encapsulates capitalism’s response to global strategic instability: privilege military capacity and corporate accumulation while attacking living standards. The tens of millions who joined a one-day national strike against Modi’s class war assault the prior week demonstrated the scale of mass anger — but the Stalinist-led federations channelled that energy toward bourgeois electoral alternatives rather than independent working-class struggle.

Argentina: Bureaucracy Enables Historic Counterreform

In Argentina, a 24-hour general strike failed to halt the passage of Javier Milei’s Labour Modernisation Law, which slashes worker protections and facilitates mass layoffs.[4] The CGT and allied bureaucracies deliberately bottled up the struggle, enabling the ruling class to ram through anti-labour reforms that constitute the most sweeping attack on working-class rights in decades. The lesson is unambiguous: a single-day strike controlled by bureaucracies that refuse to paralyse production is not a general strike — it is a safety valve.

Volkswagen: 20 Percent Cost Reduction Across All Brands

Volkswagen announced a corporate plan to cut costs by 20 percent across all brands, threatening plant closures, job losses and intensified speed-ups. Co-management institutions and union bureaucracies will facilitate these cuts unless workers build rank-and-file committees to coordinate cross-plant resistance and international solidarity across global supply chains.

Falling Real Wages and Public Service Collapse

Real wages continued to fall in Australia. Seven Los Angeles County public health clinics announced the end of clinical services. The Los Angeles school district moved to eliminate hundreds of positions. Washington D.C. declared a public emergency after a major sewer collapse. The US Department of Labor reported 5,070 workers killed on the job in 2024 — an annual death toll that reflects not accidents but the structural outcome of capitalism’s drive for profit under conditions of deregulation and staffing cuts.

V. Class Struggle and Bureaucratic Betrayal

US Healthcare: The Central Arena of Struggle

The Kaiser Permanente strike of 31,000 healthcare workers entered its fourth week, with operating engineers from IUOE Local 501 joining the action, broadening the dispute to technical trades whose withdrawal threatens hospital functioning.[5] Nurses at NewYork-Presbyterian simultaneously defied the New York State Nurses Association’s attempt to impose a second sellout agreement through a rushed snap ratification vote. Rank-and-file nurses had overwhelmingly rejected the first tentative agreement — nearly 74 percent voted it down; the bureaucracy responded by engineering a second vote under conditions designed to maximise management-friendly outcomes and minimise membership oversight.[6]

These strikes reveal a healthcare system driven by profit, executive pay and marketisation. The decisive question is whether they remain fragmented or develop into a unified national fight. That depends on the construction of democratic rank-and-file committees across hospitals, unions and regions, capable of coordinating industrial strategy, enforcing strike discipline and expanding the struggle beyond the boundaries set by bureaucratic leaders.

Mexican Auto Parts Workers Occupy Plants

Workers at six First Brands maquiladora plants occupied factories across northern Mexico after mass shutdowns and the firing of over 4,000 employees, physically preventing the removal of machinery.[7] The occupations echo the historic sit-down strikes of the 1930s and demonstrate the willingness of workers to assert direct control over production. This struggle exposes the transnational integration of auto supply chains: UAW bureaucratic nationalism and employer collaboration must be broken by international rank-and-file coordination. UAW rank-and-file candidate Will Lehman publicly backed the occupations and linked them to his campaign for democratic restructuring of the union.[8]

San Francisco Teachers and the NYSNA Sellout

The UESF bureaucracy in San Francisco ended a four-day strike with a tentative agreement containing minimal raises, a no-strike clause, and acceptance of austerity parameters — while the district warned of imminent budget cuts and layoffs. In New York, the NYSNA forced a second snap vote on a contract for NewYork-Presbyterian nurses that fails to secure safe staffing or meaningful job protections. Both episodes exemplify the same dynamic: union bureaucracies choreograph controlled stoppages that dissipate militant momentum while accepting the fundamental terms of the employers’ austerity agenda.

BP Whiting Refinery Workers and the USW Betrayal

Workers at BP’s Whiting refinery, who voted 98 percent for strike authorisation, were left on the job under day-to-day extensions while the United Steelworkers International negotiated a national pattern deal in secret. Workers publicly denounced the union for isolating their facility. The USW’s pattern deals normalise concessions, fragment industrial power and prevent the coordinated national strike that alone can defend wages, jobs and safety.

Royal Mail: CWU as Industrial Enforcer

At Royal Mail’s Mount Pleasant Mail Centre in London, workers circulated the Postal Workers Rank-and-File Committee statement exposing the CWU leadership’s role in implementing the Optimised Delivery Model — a restructuring scheme that extends delivery spans, intensifies workloads and entrenches two-tier pay. The CWU has disappeared into closed-door talks with management and the EP Group. The breakdown of service is not the result of operational difficulties but of deliberate asset-stripping backed by the union apparatus. The only path forward is democratically controlled rank-and-file committees that restore power to workers on the shop floor.

VI. Elite Criminality and Political Decay

The Epstein Files and the Monarchy

Former Prince Andrew was arrested on suspicion of Misconduct in Public Office after documents from the Jeffrey Epstein releases linked him to the sharing of confidential information and access with Epstein’s network. Searches were conducted at royal residences.[9] Further documents forced high-profile billionaires, corporate lawyers and executives to resign. US corporate media simultaneously framed public outrage over the files as “conspiracy theories,” protecting elite networks from accountability.[10]

The arrest and the ongoing revelations do not represent justice — they represent factional damage control within a decomposing ruling class. The Epstein files expose the intimate integration of the monarchy, the state and the global financial oligarchy.[11] Newly released documents also confirmed Noam Chomsky’s extensive personal accommodation with Epstein — travel on his plane, stays at his properties, private counsel during Epstein’s 2019 media crisis — exposing the capacity of sections of the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia to be co-opted by the ruling class while posturing as moral critics.[12] The lesson: meaningful opposition to oligarchy cannot rest on celebrity dissent. It requires independent working-class organisation.

VII. The Political Bankruptcy of Reformism

Fortress Europe: Social Democracy’s Capitulation

The European Parliament approved a revised Asylum Procedure Regulation and Return Border Procedure Regulation, creating an EU-level list of “safe countries of origin” (including Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, India, Bangladesh, Colombia and Kosovo) and expanding powers to deport migrants to external “return hubs.”[13] The measures passed with notable defections and abstentions from social-democratic deputies in Denmark, Malta, Romania and Sweden. This is not a technocratic tightening of asylum law but a political offensive — the continentalisation of “Fortress Europe.” Social-democratic parties have abandoned any substantive defence of migrants or democratic rights, aligning with conservatives and the far right to militarise borders and outsource repression. The measures serve capitalist interests: disciplining labour markets, deflecting social unrest into xenophobia and consolidating the authoritarian tools the ruling class requires for class war at home.

The Pseudo-Left as Bureaucratic Enforcer

The DSA launched personal attacks and smears against UAW rank-and-file candidate Will Lehman, whose campaign for union president — built on abolishing the Solidarity House bureaucracy and establishing rank-and-file committees — drew wide grassroots support from autoworkers in the US and Canada. The DSA’s intervention exposes the pseudo-left’s function: to police acceptable labour politics and divert militancy into safe institutional channels. In Catalonia, union bureaucracies and the regional government moved rapidly after a mass teachers’ strike to contain rank-and-file anger through negotiated settlements. New York Mayor Zohran Mamdani threatened a 9.5 percent property tax rise on workers while shelving rental voucher expansions and accommodating Governor Hochul — the DSA mayor managing capitalist budgets rather than challenging Wall Street.[14]

David North’s Lectures in Ankara

David North, chairman of the International Editorial Board of the WSWS and national chairman of the Socialist Equality Party (US), delivered lectures at Bilkent University and METU in Ankara titled “Where is America headed? The American volcano and the global tsunami.” The lectures connected the US political crisis — domestic democratic erosion, rising inequality, aggressive imperialism — to Trotsky’s analysis of the epoch and the necessity of world socialist revolution. The strategic tasks posed are clear: build political independence from bourgeois institutions, construct rank-and-file and party-building organs across borders, and prepare the working class to lead the struggle against war, austerity and dictatorship.

***

The developments of this week confirm the central thesis advanced by the International Committee of the Fourth International: capitalist crisis produces simultaneous austerity, repression and imperialist war, while union bureaucracies and reformist parties function as the enforcers of the ruling class within the workers’ movement. The necessary answer is the independent, international organisation of the working class around a Trotskyist programme — rank-and-file committees in workplaces and schools, coordinated across national boundaries, and the construction of sections of the Fourth International capable of providing revolutionary leadership.

—theSocialist.lk

References:

[1] “US draws up plans for ‘leadership change’ and ‘targeting individuals’ in Iran strike,” WSWS, 21 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/21/abbz-f21.html

[2]: “US forces in position for illegal attack on Iran,” WSWS, 20 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/20/lhql-f20.html

[3]: “Trump and Netanyahu hold Iran war conclave,” WSWS, 12 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/12/wali-f12.html

[4]: “National strike in Argentina fails to halt historic labor counterreform and mass layoffs,” WSWS, 21 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/21/bdeb-f21.html

[5]: “Expanding nurses strikes in California and New York raise need for unified struggle,” WSWS, 18 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/18/uyrg-f18.html

[6]: “New York nurses in ‘uprising’ against union boss’s attempts to sabotage strike,” WSWS, 18 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/18/rtmw-f18.html

[7]: “Auto parts workers occupy plants across northern Mexico after 4,000 jobs cut,” WSWS, 18 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/18/whph-f18.html

[8]: “Will Lehman backs plant occupations by Mexican auto parts workers against mass layoffs,” WSWS, 20 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/20/jczl-f20.html

[9]: “Former prince Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor arrested in Epstein investigation,” WSWS, 19 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/19/xxkq-f19.html

[10]: “US corporate media slanders anger over Epstein cover-up as ‘conspiracy theories’,” WSWS, 18 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/18/pbbm-f18.html

[11]: “Andrew’s arrest, the British monarchy, and the international oligarchy,” WSWS, 20 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/20/zcdn-f20.html

[12]: “Noam Chomsky’s contemptible friendship with Jeffrey Epstein,” WSWS, 15 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/15/f305-f15.html

[13]  “Sections of European social democrats vote with conservatives and far-right to pass anti-migrant policies,” WSWS, 15 February 2026. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/15/zvsc-f15.html

[14] Zohran Mamdani threatens to increase property tax on New York City workers” WSWS, 19 February 2026

https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/02/19/zqky-f19.html

Weekly Political Report — Week Ending 21 February 2026 Read More Âģ

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Supreme Court ruling against Trump tariffs exposes ruling class crisis

By John Burton

This perspective article was originally published on the World Socialist Web Site on 23 February 2026.

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President Donald Trump speaks during a press briefing at the White House, Friday, Feb. 20, 2026, in Washington with Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick. [AP Photo/Evan Vucci]

Friday’s Supreme Court ruling invalidating $160 billion in tariffs collected under President Donald Trump over the last year generated sighs of relief among sections of the ruling class. It also provoked an unhinged verbal tantrum at a hastily convened press conference during which Trump labeled the three conservative justices who joined the three liberals against him “fools and lapdogs â€Ļ of the radical left.”

The decision in Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump and its fallout expose deepening divisions within the ruling class that ultimately stem from the decline of US capitalism.

After labeling  the three liberals a “disgrace to our nation,” Trump accused the entire majority of being “swayed by foreign interest and a political movement that is far smaller than people would ever think.” 

Trump called the forces challenging his unbridled assertion of power to set and modify tariffs, “major sleazebags” who are “foreign country-centric,” and  the two justices he nominated who voted with the majority, Neil Gorsuch and Amy Coney Barrett, “an embarrassment to their families.”

Trump ranted, imitating a Mafia don, that “foreign countries that have been ripping us off for years are ecstatic â€Ļ dancing in the streets, but they won’t be dancing for long, that I can assure you.”

The Wall Street Journal editorialized, “Trump owes the Supreme Court an apology—to the individual Justices he smeared on Friday and the institution itself. Mr. Trump doubtless won’t offer one, but his rant in response to his tariff defeat at the Court was arguably the worst moment of his Presidency.” 

The legal issues presented are relatively straightforward. Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution expressly allocates all taxation power, including the imposition of duties on imported goods and services, to Congress. Following President Richard Nixon’s resort to extraordinary measures in response to the collapse of the post-World War II Bretton Woods financial framework, Congress enacted the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), which allows the president to identify an “unusual and extraordinary threat” and declare a “national emergency,” triggering executive power to “investigate, block, regulate, direct and compel, nullify, void, prevent or prohibit” transactions involving foreign-held property. The list of executive powers notably does not include tariffs, and for almost 50 years no president invoked IEEPA powers to impose them. 

Shortly after resuming office, however, Trump declared a national emergency based on drug trafficking to justify a 25 percent duty on most Canadian and Mexican imports, and another national emergency citing trade deficits to justify an array of tariffs, modifications, reductions and exemptions that sent equity markets careening. The rate on Chinese goods was ratcheted up in rapid succession—from 10 percent to 20, then to an additional 34, then 84, and finally 125 percent—bringing the total effective tariff rate on most Chinese goods to 145 percent.

Trump’s IEEPA tariffs account for almost three-fourths of US tariffs imposed last year. Without them, the average effective US tariff rate would fall from 17.4 percent to 6.8 percent. 

Separate suits were filed by businesses hammered by tariffs, joined by 12 states. Several lower courts ruled the IEEPA tariffs illegal prior to the Supreme Court taking the case, where nine justices splintered into three camps of three, producing seven separate opinions totaling 170 pages.

The decisive opinion, written by Chief Justice John Roberts, contains language that amounts to a remarkable indictment of the White House’s dictatorial aims. Roberts wrote that the Framers, “having just fought a revolution motivated in large part by ‘taxation without representation,’” gave Congress “alone â€Ļ access to the pockets of the people,” and deliberately excluded the executive branch from any part of the taxing power. This was, Roberts noted, the “birthright power” of Congress—a characterization that underscores how fundamental the majority considered the constitutional question.

Gorsuch went even further in his own concurring opinion, warning that “our system of separated powers and checks-and-balances threatens to give way to the continual and permanent accretion of power in the hands of one man. That is no recipe for a republic.”

Roberts was blunt in his description of the scope of power Trump claimed, writing, “All it takes to unlock that extraordinary power is a Presidential declaration of emergency, which the Government asserts is unreviewable.” The only check, Roberts observed, would be a veto-proof supermajority in Congress—rendering the legislature virtually powerless. This would “replace the longstanding executive-legislative collaboration over trade policy with unchecked Presidential policymaking.”

Trump craves the tariff power to bully and extort foreign nations, to promote or harm certain economic sectors, and to steer wealth to favored industries and companies, including those that directly benefit his family. Roberts’s opinion, read in full, describes a president who has arrogated to himself the unilateral power to tax the entire population, even the world, answerable to no one, on the basis of an “emergency” declaration that he asserts cannot be reviewed.

Justice Brett Kavanaugh drafted a 63-page dissent joined by the arch-reactionary Trump toadies Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito that, Roberts noted, “echoed point-for-point” Trump’s arguments. Kavanaugh bemoaned the fact that the US “may be required to refund billions of dollars to importers who paid the IEEPA tariffs,” like a bank robber asking to be let off the hook because the stolen money has already been spent.

Kavanaugh then switched from his role as a supposed neutral judge to Trump’s consiglieri, advising him, “Although I firmly disagree with the Court’s holding today, the decision might not substantially constrain a President’s ability to order tariffs going forward because numerous other federal statutes authorize the President to impose tariffs and might justify most (if not all) of the tariffs at issue in this case.” Those alternatives were not raised in the briefing, which addressed only IEEPA tariffs, and Kavanaugh’s addressing them in his dissent, which itself has no legal force, deviates from accepted judicial standards.

Media outlets reported that Trump exploded in profane anger when informed of the ruling while in the midst of a breakfast meeting with various governors. A few hours later he appeared before cameras in the White House press room, his face beet-red with rage under layers of orange makeup.

“Those tariffs remain,” Trump said repeatedly. “We’re still getting them and we will after the decision,” adding, “As Justice Kavanaugh—whose stock has gone so up, you have to see, I’m so proud of him—wrote in his dissent â€Ļ ‘the decision might not substantially constrain a president’s ability to order tariffs going forward.’”

“He’s right,” Trump continued, “In fact, I can charge much more than I was charging. So I’m going to just start.” Following a Kavanaugh suggestion, Trump announced new tariffs under a never used emergency statute that authorizes 150-day tariffs to remedy balance of payment deficits.

The invocations of the American Revolution by the majority justices are not merely rhetorical ornaments. As the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence approaches this July, the Revolution and the democratic principles it evoked are intruding into political life—and not only into the sphere of legal opinions. The language of 1776 retains an explosive contemporary relevance. 

That a chief justice of the Supreme Court felt compelled to invoke the memory of the Revolution against a sitting president’s assertion of unchecked taxing power is itself a measure of how deep the present constitutional crisis has become. The ideals of the American Revolution, rooted in the Enlightenment and in the struggle against monarchical tyranny, stand in irreconcilable opposition to the regime Trump is attempting to construct.

The Supreme Court has not, however, undergone a democratic awakening. The Court is, and remains, a pillar of the capitalist state. Its function is to uphold the property relations and class interests upon which the existing social order depends. Nothing in Friday’s ruling alters that fundamental character. The same Roberts Court that struck down Trump’s tariffs has gutted voting rights, overturned Roe v. Wade, and granted presidents sweeping criminal immunity. To recognize the political significance of the divisions within the Court on specific issues is not to harbor any illusions in the nature of the institution itself.

Thomas, Alito and Kavanaugh—the uncompromising Nazis on the Court—argued that IEEPA gives the president essentially unlimited power to impose tariffs. Thomas, in his separate dissent, suggested a bare and temporary congressional majority can delegate virtually any power to the president.

The conflict between the two factions is not absolute. Roberts, Gorsuch and Coney Barrett have provided critical support for large portions of Trump’s fascist agenda. They have backed the brutal assault on immigrants—the mass arrests, the deportation flights, the use of military facilities as detention camps—that constitutes one of the most vicious attacks on democratic rights in modern American history. On the tariff question, however, which impinges directly on the economic interests of powerful sections of the ruling class, a part of Trump’s judicial majority has been compelled to blurt out—though in carefully worded legal language—that the president is seeking to overthrow the Constitution.

The ruling exposes a profound crisis within the American ruling class. One faction, represented by the Wall Street Journal and the internationally oriented sections of finance capital, recognizes that Trump’s tariff war is a catastrophe—raising consumer prices, disrupting supply chains, and provoking retaliatory measures that threaten the global position of American capitalism. The other views the tariff power as an instrument of personal rule and plunder, a means of rewarding allies and punishing enemies entirely outside the framework of democratic accountability.

The ruling class is deeply divided, its democratic institutions are breaking down, and the working class has no voice in official politics. The defense of democratic rights and the struggle against the emerging dictatorship can be carried forward only through the independent social and political mobilization of the working class on the basis of a socialist and internationalist program. It is the working class that is the true heir of the revolutionary principles and spirit of 1776, and it is the working class that must fight to defend them.

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